scholarly journals Intra-Organizational Bargaining: Wage Differentials Among Saskatchewan Schoolteachers

2005 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 612-627
Author(s):  
Makoto Ohtsu ◽  
Anil Verma
Keyword(s):  
Wage Differentials ◽  
Historical Data ◽  
Strong Support ◽  
Bargaining Model ◽  
Relative Power ◽  
Economic Variables ◽  
Local Union

This paper attempts to determine the extent to which the concept of «intra-organizational bargaining», suggested by Walton and McKersie, among others, is useful in analyzing wage differentials between sub-groups within a local union. Based on historical data for public schoolteachers in Saskatchewan, the results show that the relative power of sub-groups within the union has a much stronger bearing on internal wage differentials than do the economic variables. This lends strong support to the intraorganizational bargaining model of internal wage differentials.

Institutions as Signals: How Dictators Consolidate Power in Times of Crisis

2020 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-68
Author(s):  
Joan C. Timoneda
Keyword(s):  
Dominican Republic ◽  
Formal Model ◽  
Strong Support ◽  
Power Sharing ◽  
Relative Power ◽  
Information Propagation ◽  
Formal Institutions

Formal institutions in dictatorship are known to improve authoritarian governance and promote power-sharing. Yet institutions also act as tools of information propagation and can be used by autocrats for signaling purposes. In this article, I argue that in times of weakness, dictators follow an expand-and-signal strategy, expanding the ruling coalition to decrease the relative power of coup plotters and then create visible formal institutions to signal strong support. Doing so decreases (1) the probability that a coup is launched and (2) that one succeeds if staged. I propose a formal model to unpack the mechanisms of my argument and use the case of the Dominican Republic during Rafael Trujillo's rule to illustrate my theory.

Unfair fights: Power asymmetry, nascent nuclear capability, and preventive conflict

2015 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 431-455 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Schub
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Weapons ◽  
Strong Support ◽  
Relative Power ◽  
Power Shifts ◽  
Security Issues ◽  
Bargaining Models ◽  
Theoretical Predictions ◽  
Empirical Tests ◽  
Initial Power ◽  
Shed Light

Scholars have long recognized that imminent shifts in relative power may motivate declining states to initiate conflict. But what conditions exacerbate the risk posed by these anticipated power shifts? Building upon existing bargaining models of war, I show that larger initial power asymmetries increase the probability of preventive conflict. Theoretical extensions that account for certainty effects and variable costs of war, both of which are linked to initial dyadic power balances, drive this relationship. It follows that looming power transitions in which rising states approach and surpass parity, long considered war-prone scenarios, are not particularly problematic. Instead, the risk of conflict is greatest when preponderant powers confront conventionally weak but rising states. I test the theoretical predictions in the context of anticipated power shifts due to rivals pursuing nuclear weapons. Extensive empirical tests that relax assumptions employed in prior analyses of preventive conflict offer strong support for this contention. These results shed light on the underpinnings of many pressing contemporary interstate security issues.

scholarly journals Econometric Model to Estimate Defaults on Payment in the Spanish Financial Sector in Oliver Wyman’s Stress Tests

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 24
Author(s):  
Salvador Climent-Serrano
Keyword(s):  
Exchange Rate ◽  
Historical Data ◽  
Econometric Model ◽  
Stock Exchange ◽  
Housing Prices ◽  
Financial Sector ◽  
Stress Tests ◽  
Economic Variables ◽  
Model Based ◽  
The Exchange Rate

This work develops an econometric model based on the exogenous economic variables used in Oliver Wyman´s report. In this case the model is used in order to estimate late payments (NPLs) by Spanish credit entities. A model based on variables considered to be optimal to quantify impact on the NPLs is developed by studying the aforementioned variables, modifying them and eliminating any which are superfluous. Furthermore, whether or not the model is optimal for long periods of time is corroborated. This is due to the fact that the scenario in Oliver Wyman´s report from September 2012 (Wyman 2012) is based on 30 years of Spanish economical historical data, as stated in the report itself. The results indicate the variables that have impact on defaults. The increase in housing prices, the Madrid Stock Exchange Index, the Exchange Rate the euro against USD. The Euribor 12 months and the industries Credit to other residents, decreases the delinquency. The NPLs also fell by transfers from riskier assets to SAREB. However, these results are different if the economy is growing or in recession. So the results will not be optimal but the appropriate model is employed.

Aims, claims, and the bargaining model of war

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 344-374
Author(s):  
Kenneth A. Schultz ◽  
Henk E. Goemans
Keyword(s):  
Formal Model ◽  
Geospatial Data ◽  
Territorial Disputes ◽  
Bargaining Model ◽  
Relative Power ◽  
Canonical Models ◽  
The Face ◽  
Bargaining Model Of War ◽  
State Preferences

AbstractAlthough in principle states can bargain over the entire extent of their combined territory, we observe historically that states bargain within far more limited confines defined by well-bounded claims. We argue that this observation stems from the fact that states generally have limited territorial aims due either to limited benefits of obtaining additional territory and/or the costs of absorbing and controlling new territories and their inhabitants. Using a formal model, we show that introducing states with limited aims over territory has strategic implications for bargaining that have not been appreciated in canonical models that do not consider heterogeneity in state preferences. Whereas traditional models generally imply that small demands undermine the credibility of a challenger's threat, the existence of states with limited territorial aims makes limited demands credible, effective, and stable in the face of shocks to relative power. We then employ geospatial data on the geographic extent of territorial disputes in the period 1947–2000 to establish two results: the size of claims is weakly related to the relative power of disputants and unaffected by dramatic changes in power, and smaller claims are associated with a higher probability that the challenger will receive any concession.

scholarly journals Does WTO Dispute Settlement Enforce or Inform?

2013 ◽  
Vol 44 (4) ◽  
pp. 877-902 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Sattler ◽  
Gabriele Spilker ◽  
Thomas Bernauer
Keyword(s):  
World Trade ◽  
Dispute Settlement ◽  
Strong Support ◽  
Bargaining Model ◽  
Strategic Bargaining ◽  
Trade Law ◽  
Backwards Induction ◽  
Wto Dispute Settlement ◽  
Empirical Implications

Whereas some researchers emphasize how World Trade Organization (WTO) dispute settlement reduces complexity and clarifies legislation, others argue that dispute rulings promote co-operation by providing an enforcement mechanism. This article identifies empirical implications from these distinct arguments and tests them on WTO disputes from 1995 to 2006. The study's analytical approach combines a three-step coding of dispute escalation with a strategic bargaining model and statistical backwards induction to account for governments’ forward-looking behavior. It finds strong support for the argument that WTO dispute settlement primarily serves as an enforcement device. It finds much less support for the argument that dispute settlement reduces complexity and clarifies trade law. These results suggest that the role of WTO dispute settlement in generating information on acceptable trade policy standards is less relevant than proponents of the complexity argument tend to assume.

Amyloid β-peptide and Alzheimer's disease

2014 ◽  
Vol 56 ◽  
pp. 99-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Allsop ◽  
Jennifer Mayes
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Senile Plaques ◽  
Strong Support ◽  
Amyloid Β ◽  
Amyloid Β Peptide ◽  
Amyloid Cascade Hypothesis ◽  
Sequence Of Events ◽  
Aβ Amyloid ◽  
Amyloid Cascade

One of the hallmarks of AD (Alzheimer's disease) is the formation of senile plaques in the brain, which contain fibrils composed of Aβ (amyloid β-peptide). According to the ‘amyloid cascade’ hypothesis, the aggregation of Aβ initiates a sequence of events leading to the formation of neurofibrillary tangles, neurodegeneration, and on to the main symptom of dementia. However, emphasis has now shifted away from fibrillar forms of Aβ and towards smaller and more soluble ‘oligomers’ as the main culprit in AD. The present chapter commences with a brief introduction to the disease and its current treatment, and then focuses on the formation of Aβ from the APP (amyloid precursor protein), the genetics of early-onset AD, which has provided strong support for the amyloid cascade hypothesis, and then on the development of new drugs aimed at reducing the load of cerebral Aβ, which is still the main hope for providing a more effective treatment for AD in the future.

Instrumental and Ideological Union Commitment: Longitudinal Assessment of Construct Validity

2001 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 98-111 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anders Sjöberg ◽  
Magnus Sverke
Keyword(s):  
Construct Validity ◽  
Temporal Stability ◽  
Strong Support ◽  
Internal Consistency Reliability ◽  
Measurement Model ◽  
Two Dimensions ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
Longitudinal Assessment ◽  
Union Commitment ◽  
Union Participation

Summary: Previous research has identified instrumentality and ideology as important aspects of member attachment to labor unions. The present study evaluated the construct validity of a scale designed to reflect the two dimensions of instrumental and ideological union commitment using a sample of 1170 Swedish blue-collar union members. Longitudinal data were used to test seven propositions referring to the dimensionality, internal consistency reliability, and temporal stability of the scale as well as postulated group differences in union participation to which the scale should be sensitive. Support for the hypothesized factor structure of the scale and for adequate reliabilities of the dimensions was obtained and was also replicated 18 months later. Tests for equality of measurement model parameters and test-retest correlations indicated support for the temporal stability of the scale. In addition, the results were consistent with most of the predicted differences between groups characterized by different patterns of change/stability in union participation status. The study provides strong support for the construct validity of the scale and indicates that it can be used in future theory testing on instrumental and ideological union commitment.

Effects of Power on Social Perception

2013 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 138-146 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aleksandra Cislak
Keyword(s):  
Social Perception ◽  
Task Orientation ◽  
Relative Power ◽  
Agency And Communion ◽  
The Relationship

Three studies explored the relationship between power and the perception of others in terms of agency and communion. In Study 1, participants taking a manager perspective were more interested in the agency of their future employee than those asked to take a subordinate perspective were in the agency of their future employer. Moreover, they showed more interest in the agency than in the communion of their future employee. Study 2 extended these findings to perceptions of others unrelated to the context of work. In Study 3, participants taking the manager perspective favored agency traits in their employee more than those taking the subordinate perspective favored agency in their employer. This effect was mediated by an increased task orientation among those in positions of greater relative power. Using two manipulations and three dependent measures, power was found to enhance the focus on the agency dimension across the three studies, mediated by increases in orientation to tasks versus relationships.

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