scholarly journals The Cities of Spanish America 1825-1914: Economic and Social Aspects

2013 ◽  
pp. 63-70
Author(s):  
Tulio Halperín Donghi
Keyword(s):  
Urban Space ◽  
Urban Growth ◽  
Spanish American ◽  
External Trade ◽  
Residential Patterns ◽  
Quarter Century ◽  
Railway Systems ◽  
Role Of The State ◽  
Wage Earners ◽  
American Cities

The paper distinguishes three stages in the history of Spanish- American cities in this period. The first (1825-1850) is one of slow and uneven urban growth; it is also one of social readjustment to the new political and economic realities of independence, republic and comparatively free external trade. The urban upper classes are deeply fragmented in the process; the largely peninsular mercantile group is replaced by a much more isolated and smaller one, dominated by the British; the base of political power becomes less urban, and the city elites linked with Church and state suffer in their income and prestige; the progress of egalitarian ideas corrodes traditional deference. The lower groups are affected by the decadence of slavery and in the middle of urban society free trade brings about a crisis of many traditional crafts and the flowering of other artisanal and trade activities. The second stage (from 1850 to the seventies) continues, under a veneer of modernization in the urban lifestyle, the trends of the previous quarter-century. Urban growth quickens, but is again very uneven; the role of the state begins to gain in significance in comparison with that of an expanding trade. During the third stage large cities finally receive the full impact of the development of the new economies, based in the growth of exports and the gradual unification of the internal market: the completion of railway systems, from Mexico to Chile and Argentina, is of course a decisive factor in this change. Demographic growth and a new mode of social differentiation (which includes the creation of a larger dependent middle class and a modern working-class of wage earners in large enterprises, in transportation and services rather than in manufacture) bring about a change in residential patterns and the use of urban space. Even so, Spanish-American cities retain many elements from their past, and are usually quite far from the model of the growing capitals of continental Europe during the same years.

POST-SOVIET CITY AS A PALIMPSEST

2020 ◽  
pp. 48-68
Author(s):  
Elena A. Kosovan ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Urban Space ◽  
Publishing House ◽  
Soviet Period ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Role Of The State ◽  
Soviet Space ◽  
The Coordinator ◽  
Post Soviet Period

The author of the publication reviews the photobook “Palimpsests”, published in 2018 in the publishing house “Ad Marginem Press” with the support of the Heinrich Böll Foundation. The book presents photos of post-Soviet cities taken by M. Sher. Preface, the author of which is the coordinator of the “Democracy” program of the Heinrich Böll Foundation in Russia N. Fatykhova, as well as articles by M. Trudolyubov and K. Bush, which accompany these photos, contain explanation of the peculiarities of urban space formation and patterns of its habitation in the Soviet Union times and in the post-Soviet period. The author of the publication highly appreciates the publication under review. Analyzing the photographic works of M. Sher and their interpretation undertaken in the articles, the author of the publication agrees with the main conclusions of N. Fatykhova, M. Trudolyubov and K. Bush with regards to the importance of the role of the state in the processes of urban development and urbanization in the Soviet and post-Soviet space, but points out that the second factor that has a key influence on these processes is ownership relations. The paper positively assesses the approach proposed by the authors of the photobook to the study of the post-Soviet city as an architectural and landscape palimpsest consisting mainly of two layers, “socialist” and “capitalist”. The author of the publication specifically emphasizes the importance of analyzing the archetypal component of this palimpsest, pointing out that the articles published in the reviewed book do not pay sufficient attention to this issue. Particular importance is attributed by the author to the issue of metageography of post-Soviet cities and meta-geographical approach to their exploration. Emphasizing that the urban palimpsest is a system of realities, each in turn including a multitude of ideas, meanings, symbols, and interpretations, the author points out that the photobook “Palimpsests” is actually an invitation to a scientific game with space, which should start a new direction in the study of post-Soviet urban space.

scholarly journals Muralismo libertário: comunicação e educação emancipadora

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (25) ◽  
pp. 26
Author(s):  
Marilda Lopes Pinheiro Queluz ◽  
Gilson Leandro Queluz
Keyword(s):  
Latin American ◽  
Urban Space ◽  
Social Inequalities ◽  
Culture Industry ◽  
Capitalist Society ◽  
Cultural Formation ◽  
Image Production ◽  
Authoritarian Communication ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
American Cities

RESUMO Este trabalho pretende, através do exemplo do muralismo libertário latino-americano, problematizar as relações entre educação e emancipação. É nossa compreensão que as práticas de ação direta pertinentes ao muralismo libertário, são processos constituintes de uma comunicação igualitária em franca antítese e resistência a um modo de comunicação autoritário característico da sociedade capitalista e de sua indústria cultural.  Analisaremos algumas obras dos coletivos muralistas anarquistas contemporâneos nas cidades latino-americanas, demonstrando sua orientação temática, suas estratégias de produção e representação imagética, e sua concepção explícita de uma formação cultural ampliada. Consideramos que o muralismo libertário, ao se apropriar do espaço urbano como meio de comunicação, ao ressignificar nos muros os demarcadores das desigualdades sociais, procura constituir uma cultura da resistência, materializando os fundamentos de um modo de comunicação igualitário.   Palavras-chave: Muralismo Latino-americano. Muralismo Libertário. Educação e Emancipação.   ABSTRACT The following paper aims to problematize the relationship between education and emancipation through the example of Latin American libertarian muralism. It is the authors’ understanding that the practices concerning the libertarian muralism belong to an egalitarian communication, which is openly against an authoritarian communication peculiar to the capitalist society and its culture industry. The authors will analyze some studies of the contemporary anarchist collective muralists in Latin American cities, demonstrating their thematic orientation, their strategies of image production and representation, and their explicit conception of a broad cultural formation. In addition, the authors consider that libertarian muralism, by using urban space as a means of communication, and re-defining the main aspects of social inequalities, seeks to establish a culture of resistance, materializing the foundations of an egalitarian way of communication.   Keywords: Latin American Muralism. Libertarian Muralism. Education and Emancipation.

scholarly journals Urban Phenomena in São Paulo’s Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries: Appropriating Local Spatio-Temporalities

Tempo Social ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-69
Author(s):  
Sebastian Dorsch
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Urban Space ◽  
Urban Studies ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
Relational Analysis ◽  
Nineteenth And Twentieth Centuries ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
American Cities ◽  
The City

The article seeks to investigate urban phenomena in São Paulo’s 19th and 20th centuries by utilizing Henri Lefebvre’s concept of appropriation. Thus I focus on the relations between urban space(s) and its inhabitants, and the analysis of the city – usually perceived as space – becomes a spatio-temporal and relational analysis regarding dynamic practices, conflicts, etc. understood as urban phenomena. How did the inhabitants appropriate São Paulo? May we state special forms by comparing it to other Latin American cities of former times? How did the migrants arriving at the end of 19th century change old forms of living in the city? I conclude with remarks and critics on the potential of using the concept of appropriation in urban studies.

Introduction

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brianna Leavitt-Alcántara
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Catholic Church ◽  
Single Women ◽  
Spanish American ◽  
Local Religion ◽  
Female Autonomy ◽  
Holy Women ◽  
American Cities ◽  
Source Materials ◽  
The Catholic Church

This chapter introduces the book’s methodology, arguments, and scholarly significance. Most works on women and early modern religion focus on nuns, holy women, or religious “deviants,” and emphasize rising hostility toward female autonomy as officials moved to enclose unmarried women and intensive female religiosity (e.g. mysticism, asceticism). This book takes a different approach and examines ordinary laywomen, particularly the broad population of non-elite women who frequently lived outside of both marriage and convent in colonial Spanish American cities. Through an analysis of approximately 550 wills, as well as a variety of other source materials such as hagiographies, religious chronicles, and ecclesiastical records, this study argues that the complex alliances forged between non-elite single women and the Catholic Church shaped local religion and the spiritual economy, late colonial reform efforts, and post-Independence politics in Guatemala’s capital.

The Eruv as Contested Jewish Space in North America

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Myer Siemiatycki
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Public Space ◽  
Urban Space ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Religious Beliefs ◽  
Orthodox Jews ◽  
Urban Landscapes ◽  
Human Eye ◽  
American Cities

The eruv is perhaps the most creative, confounding, and contested spatial construct in Judaism. Territorially, it demarcates the urban space within which prohibitions otherwise attached to Sabbath observance for Orthodox Jews become permitted. While virtually imperceptible to the human eye, eruvin (pl.) sanctify what would otherwise be sacrilegious. An eruv thus creates permissive religious space for Jews on Sabbath. Hundreds of cities worldwide, including urban areas across North America, are home to an eruv. Notwithstanding their prevalence and undetectable physical imprint on urban landscapes, the establishment of eruvin has unleashed intense hostility and resistance in some locales. Opposition has typically been mounted by a surprisingly mixed array of critics including non-Jews, non-Orthodox Jews, and dissenting Orthodox Jews. The eruv highlights, in compelling fashion, the spatial challenges of navigating faith, ritual, secularism, and pluralism in contemporary American cities. Seemingly ethereal religious beliefs can occasion radically different perceptions of public space.

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