scholarly journals Liquefied Natural Gas as Ship Fuel: A Maltese Regulatory Gap Analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Philip Cassar ◽  
Dimitrios Dalaklis ◽  
Fabio Ballini ◽  
Seyedvahid Vakili
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Liquefied Natural Gas ◽  
Small Island ◽  
Global Trade ◽  
Maritime Transport ◽  
Shipping Industry ◽  
Marine Fuel ◽  
Economic Output ◽  
International Aspects

With water covering almost three-quarters of the Earth’s surface and by factoring in that the maritime transport industry is holding the comparative advantage in relation to all other means, activities associated with the seas and oceans of our planet are extremely vital for the normal functioning of global trade. Furthermore, evaluating the opportunities of the so-called “Blue Economy” and possibilities for further growth should be at the epicentre of future development plans. Indicative examples -apart from various endeavours of maritime transport- include other sectors, like shipbuilding and repairs, fishing activities and related processes, as well as oil and gas exploration. All these provide significant economic output and facilitate job creation. It is true that the shipping industry contributes to the carriage of vast quantities of cargo and maintains a crucial role in global trade; however, the specific industry is also responsible for significant quantities of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. IMO (MEPC) in 2018 adopted an initial strategy on the reduction of GHG emissions from ships. This plan envisages a reduction of CO2 emissions per transport work, at least 40% by 2030, pursuing efforts towards even further reduction by 2050, compared to the 2008 levels. It is imperative for shipping and related industries to investigate and introduce more environmentally friendly (“cleaner”) ways of operation. In the search for these cleaner fuels, it is the responsibility of maritime stakeholders to make available (economically viable) fuel alternatives worldwide. In view of an increasing trend in using Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) as a marine fuel, setting up regulations and amend national legislation to allow the provision of LNG as a ship fuel in a safe manner, is a first stage which potential service providing countries have to successfully fulfil. The current analysis is focusing on the small island state of Malta, which apart from certain international aspects introduced by the International Maritime Organisation (IMO), it has to abide by European Union’s (EU) regulations and make LNG as a marine fuel available until 2025. Its main aim is to provide ways to cover the identified regulatory gap of the Maltese legislation, relating to ports, ship fuel bunkering and the local gas market.

scholarly journals Financial performance of shipping firms that increase LNG carriers and the support of eco-innovation

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kian-Guan Lim ◽  
Michelle Lim
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Financial Performance ◽  
Stock Returns ◽  
Stock Return ◽  
Fossil Fuel ◽  
Operational Efficiency ◽  
Liquefied Natural Gas ◽  
Marine Fuel ◽  
Financial Benefits ◽  
Firm Profitability

AbstractThe technology to liquefy natural gas for transport to countries worldwide and the increasing use of natural gas as a cleaner fossil fuel for industry and household meant that the supply of liquified natural gas (LNG) worldwide is a profitable trend. Shipping companies can strategically choose to diversify into LNG fleet to grasp this trend. By supplying more LNG shipping capacities, the greater availability of LNG worldwide, as a source of marine fuel and as a source of cleaner energy in replacing coal and oil, is supporting eco-innovation. In this paper, we investigate three economic and financial benefits to a shipping firm that diversified into liquefied natural gas (LNG) shipping, namely firm profitability performance, firm efficiency, and stock return performance. We also investigate if there is an early mover advantage in doing so. Our empirical findings indicate that fleet diversification into LNG carriers resulted in higher profitability and better operational efficiency. For the listed shipping firms, their stock returns increased with diversified exposures to the LNG business. There is some evidence of higher profitability in the early mover advantage. Firms that originated in LNG business also benefited when there was diversification into the non-LNG business.

Liquefied Natural Gas as Marine Fuel

2021 ◽  
pp. 83-110
Author(s):  
Xinglin Yang ◽  
Zongming Yang ◽  
Huabing Wen ◽  
Viktor Gorbov ◽  
Vira Mitienkova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Liquefied Natural Gas ◽  
Marine Fuel

Will Australian liquefied natural gas demand soar under the 21st Annual Conference of the Parties (COP21) targets?

2017 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 556
Author(s):  
Francois Tibi ◽  
Nicolas Reid ◽  
Whitney Skinner ◽  
Rob Grosvenor ◽  
Anthony Smith
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Liquefied Natural Gas ◽  
Annual Conference ◽  
Cost Curve ◽  
Future Success ◽  
Bridge Fuel ◽  
Primary Focus ◽  
Natural Gas Demand ◽  
The Cost

The ambitious 21st Annual Conference of the Parties (COP21) targets of over 200 countries to limit global warming require a significant reduction in green house gas (GHG) emissions by signatories; these reductions will require major shifts in the way that countries think about their supply mix. Although renewables are often the primary focus of emissions reductions, the role of natural gas in GHG emissions warrants consideration. Gas is ‘triple A’: affordable, abundant and available. It is also lower in GHG than other fossil fuel alternatives. The future success and price stability of liquefied natural gas (LNG) projects is intrinsically linked to the success of natural gas as a bridge fuel to a lower carbon future; although there was initial optimism about the potential of natural gas as a bridge fuel under COP21, further analysis shows that forecast demand for natural gas and LNG in new policy scenarios is likely lower than original forecasts, placing Australian producers’ existing and future projects in a challenging position; moving down the cost-curve where possible is the best way to ensure resilient demand even in a slower growth future environment.

scholarly journals Improving Liquefied Natural Gas Bunkering in Korea through the Chinese and Japanese Experiences

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (22) ◽  
pp. 9585
Author(s):  
Yu Yong Ung ◽  
Park Sung Ho ◽  
Jung Dong Ho ◽  
Lee Chang Hee
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Northeast Asia ◽  
Liquefied Natural Gas ◽  
Maritime Transportation ◽  
Policy Support ◽  
Fuel Oil ◽  
Shipping Industry ◽  
Heavy Fuel Oil ◽  
Comprehensive Overview ◽  
China And Japan

The International Maritime Organization has strengthened global environmental regulations related to sulfur and nitrogen oxides contained in ship fuel oil since the beginning of 2020. One strategy to comply with the regulations is to fuel ships with liquefied natural gas (LNG) rather than with traditional heavy fuel oil. China and Japan are both developing a business structure for the bunkering of LNG through public–private partnerships to expand their leadership in the field in Northeast Asia and secure a competitive advantage. Compared to China and Japan, Korea has relatively inadequate laws, policy support, and best practices for safe and efficient LNG bunkering for ships. This article provides a comprehensive overview of the LNG bunkering regulation systems in China and Japan and addresses how these systems can be mirrored by Korea to improve the Korean system. It compares the legislative and normative rules of China and Japan regarding the complex global scenario of maritime transportation. The results show that Korea must revise its guidelines and create the advanced institutional framework required for the LNG bunkering market to support an eco-friendly shipping industry and maintain a competitive edge against China and Japan.

scholarly journals Liquefied Natural Gas in Mobile Applications—Opportunities and Challenges

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (21) ◽  
pp. 5673
Author(s):  
Tomasz Banaszkiewicz ◽  
Maciej Chorowski ◽  
Wojciech Gizicki ◽  
Artur Jedrusyna ◽  
Jakub Kielar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Mobile Applications ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
Liquefied Natural Gas ◽  
High Mass ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Two Phase ◽  
Marine Fuel ◽  
Long Distance Transport ◽  
The Impact

Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is one of the most influential fuels of the 21st century, especially in terms of the global economy. The demand for LNG is forecasted to reach 400 million tonnes by 2020, increasing up to 500 million tonnes in 2030. Due to its high mass and volumetric energy density, LNG is the perfect fuel for long-distance transport, as well as for use in mobile applications. It is also characterized by low levels of emissions, which is why it has been officially approved for use as a marine fuel in Emission Control Areas (ECAs) where stricter controls have been established to minimize the airborne emissions produced by ships. LNG is also an emerging fuel in heavy road and rail transport. As a cryogenic fuel that is characterized by a boiling temperature of about 120 K (−153 °C), LNG requires the special construction of cryogenic mobile installations to fulfill conflicting requirements, such as a robust mechanical construction and a low number of heat leaks to colder parts of the system under high safety standards. This paper provides a profound review of LNG applications in waterborne and land transport. Exemplary constructions of LNG engine supply systems are presented and discussed from the mechanical and thermodynamic points of view. Physical exergy recovery during LNG regasification is analyzed, and different methods of the process are both analytically and experimentally compared. The issues that surround two-phase flows and phase change processes in LNG regasification and recondensation are addressed, and technical solutions for boil-off gas recondensation are proposed. The paper also looks at the problems surrounding LNG installation data acquisition and control systems, concluding with a discussion of the impact of LNG technologies on future trends in low-emission transport.

scholarly journals A Review on Liquefied Natural Gas as Fuels for Dual Fuel Engines: Opportunities, Challenges and Responses

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (22) ◽  
pp. 6127
Author(s):  
Md Arman Arefin ◽  
Md Nurun Nabi ◽  
Md Washim Akram ◽  
Mohammad Towhidul Islam ◽  
Md Wahid Chowdhury
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Liquefied Natural Gas ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Dual Fuel ◽  
Combustion Engines ◽  
Emission Regulations ◽  
Dual Fuel Engines ◽  
Sustainable Fuels

Climate change and severe emission regulations in many countries demand fuel and engine researchers to explore sustainable fuels for internal combustion engines. Natural gas could be a source of sustainable fuels, which can be produced from renewable sources. This article presents a complete overview of the liquefied natural gas (LNG) as a potential fuel for diesel engines. An interesting finding from this review is that engine modification and proper utilization of LNG significantly improve system efficiency and reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, which is extremely helpful to sustainable development. Moreover, some major recent researches are also analyzed to find out drawbacks, advancement and future research potential of the technology. One of the major challenges of LNG is its higher flammability that causes different fatal hazards and when using in dual-fuel engine causes knock. Though researchers have been successful to find out some ways to overcome some challenges, further research is necessary to reduce the hazards and make the fuel more effective and environment-friendly when using as a fuel for a diesel engine.

scholarly journals A Comparison of Alternative Fuels for Shipping in Terms of Lifecycle Energy and Cost

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (24) ◽  
pp. 8502
Author(s):  
Li Chin Law ◽  
Beatrice Foscoli ◽  
Epaminondas Mastorakos ◽  
Stephen Evans
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Carbon Capture ◽  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Fuel Oil ◽  
Heavy Fuel Oil ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Reference Case ◽  
Marine Fuel

Decarbonization of the shipping sector is inevitable and can be made by transitioning into low- or zero-carbon marine fuels. This paper reviews 22 potential pathways, including conventional Heavy Fuel Oil (HFO) marine fuel as a reference case, “blue” alternative fuel produced from natural gas, and “green” fuels produced from biomass and solar energy. Carbon capture technology (CCS) is installed for fossil fuels (HFO and liquefied natural gas (LNG)). The pathways are compared in terms of quantifiable parameters including (i) fuel mass, (ii) fuel volume, (iii) life cycle (Well-To-Wake—WTW) energy intensity, (iv) WTW cost, (v) WTW greenhouse gas (GHG) emission, and (vi) non-GHG emissions, estimated from the literature and ASPEN HYSYS modelling. From an energy perspective, renewable electricity with battery technology is the most efficient route, albeit still impractical for long-distance shipping due to the low energy density of today’s batteries. The next best is fossil fuels with CCS (assuming 90% removal efficiency), which also happens to be the lowest cost solution, although the long-term storage and utilization of CO2 are still unresolved. Biofuels offer a good compromise in terms of cost, availability, and technology readiness level (TRL); however, the non-GHG emissions are not eliminated. Hydrogen and ammonia are among the worst in terms of overall energy and cost needed and may also need NOx clean-up measures. Methanol from LNG needs CCS for decarbonization, while methanol from biomass does not, and also seems to be a good candidate in terms of energy, financial cost, and TRL. The present analysis consistently compares the various options and is useful for stakeholders involved in shipping decarbonization.

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