The Advance of Chinese Agriculture Proceeded to Family Farm

The purpose of this research is to examine the characteristics of the Japanese research trend on Chinese family farm management published after the Chinese rural reform in 1978.The whole 152 articles were collected under the keyword of Chinese Agriculture Management through CiNii that is the most reliable academic information database in Japan. Based on article productivity the study extracted the four stage of research development: incubating stage, growing stage, peak stage, and stabilizing mature stage. Research subject categorization unveiled two general research frameworks: macro approach framework and micro approach framework. In the macro framework, farm management is structurally grasped under the relationship with external or environmental conditions surrounding farm management entities. In the micro framework farm management is grasped within internal structural relationship of family based on inputs (land and labor) and output (income). For solving the weakness of Chinese family farm holding a small land, the study extracted two strategic frameworks of integration in farm management: agricultural industrialization and farm cooperative movement. The former is a vertical integration and the latter is a horizontal integration of farm management. Those integrations of farm management require not only macro and micro level research but also mezzo(middle) approach which focuses on the relationships between community or village and farm family. Especially this mezzo approach is important to understand the reality of farm management under the on-going situation in which many farm families depend on both agriculture and non-agriculture jobs. The fact that the dates for publications in China are limited at the macro-level of nation, province and city has created the research tendency towards bipolar differentiation in macro and micro level research. Thus mezzo-level research on towns and villages has become more important.

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中国农业资本化的动力: 公司、国家、还是农户?

Rural China ◽

10.1163/22136746-12341236 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

pp. 36-65 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Keyword(s):

Family Farm ◽

Quantitative Evidence ◽

The Past ◽

Oil Crops ◽

Capitalist Firm ◽

Peasant Household ◽

Firm Investments ◽

Chinese Agriculture ◽

Peasant Family ◽

High Degree

Abstract Chinese agriculture has undergone a quiet transformation in the past fifteen years. The “old agriculture” of grain, cotton, and oil crops has seen a tremendous rise in uses of machinery (and also farm chemicals) to save labor. At the same time, the capital and labor dual-intensifying “new agriculture” of higher-value products—vegetables, fruit, meat, poultry, fish—has expanded greatly. These changes have been accompanied by substantial declines in the number of people working in agriculture. Together, the changes add up to a high degree of “capitalization” (i.e., increased capital inputs per unit labor) in Chinese agriculture. This article presents detailed quantitative evidence for these commonly neglected changes. Contrary to conventional assumptions, the capitalization has been powered principally by peasant household investments, more than state or capitalist firm investments. This fact points to the need to rely more on peasant initiative in the future, by providing greater state guidance and support for peasant family farm-based endeavors, rather than strongly favoring “dragon head” enterprises as in the past decade. (This article is in English.) 摘要过去15年间，中国农业经历了悄然但巨大的变化。“旧农业”（粮食、棉花、油料作物）大量使用机械及农药以节约劳动。与此同时，资本与劳动双密集的“新农业”（主要是高产值的蔬菜、水果、肉、禽、鱼）有着极大的发展。这些变化是伴随农业就业人员数的持续下降而来的。结果是中国农业显著的“资本化”（亦即，单位劳动力资本投入的增加）。对于这些普遍被忽视的事实，本文将给出详细的量化证据。与通常的假设不同，中国农业资本化主要是由农户投资推动的，其总量比国家和农业企业公司的投资还要大。这一事实的重要意义在于，未来中国农业的发展，需更注重和依赖农户的能动作用。国家需对农民家庭的经营行为给予更大的服务和扶持，不应像过去十年间那样，一味将政策支持倾斜于“龙头企业”。

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The Resilient Family Farm

10.3362/9781780445786 ◽

2004 ◽

Author(s):

Gaye Burpee ◽

Kim Wilson

Keyword(s):

Family Farm

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The Attribution of Self Amongst Australian Family Farm Operators: Personal Responsibility and Control

Journal of Comparative Family Studies ◽

10.3138/jcfs.36.3.475 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 36 (3) ◽

pp. 475-487 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Darren Halpin ◽

Andrew Guilfoyle

Keyword(s):

Personal Responsibility ◽

Family Farm ◽

Australian Family ◽

Farm Operators ◽

And Control

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Reading Politics with Machiavelli

10.1093/oso/9780190843359.001.0001 ◽

2018 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Ronald J. Schmidt, Jr

Keyword(s):

The Political ◽

Close Reading ◽

Family Farm ◽

Louis Althusser ◽

Political Crises ◽

Key Concepts ◽

White Nationalism ◽

The Republic

Reading Politics with Machiavelli is an anachronistic reading of certain key concepts in Machiavelli’s The Prince and The Discourses (as well as some of his correspondence). In 1513, soon after the Medici returned to power in Florence, Machiavelli lost his position as First Secretary to the Republic, and he was exiled. On his family farm, he began a self-consciously anachronistic reading of great political figures of antiquity, and, in combination with his own experience as a diplomat, crafted a unique perspective on the political crises of his time. At our own moment of democratic crisis, as the democratic imagination, as well as democratic habits and institutions face multiple attacks from neoliberalism, white nationalism, and authoritarianism, I argue that a similar method, in which we read Machiavelli’s work as he read Livy’s and Plutarch’s, can help us see the contingency, and the increasingly forgotten radical potential, of our politics. Louis Althusser argued that Machiavelli functions for us as an uncanny authority, one whose apparent familiarity is dispelled as we examine his epistolary yet opaque account of history, politics, and authority. This makes his readings a potentially rich resource for a time of democratic crisis. With that challenge in mind, we will examine the problems of conspiracy, prophecy, torture, and exile and use a close reading of Machiavelli’s work to make out new perspectives on the politics of our time.

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Patterns of Agricultural Diversification in China and Its Policy Implications for Agricultural Modernization

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph18094978 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (9) ◽

pp. 4978

Author(s):

Hongyun Han ◽

Hui Lin

Keyword(s):

Evolutionary Process ◽

Policy Implications ◽

Chinese Government ◽

Agricultural Modernization ◽

Agricultural Diversification ◽

Leading Position ◽

Chinese Agriculture ◽

Reform And Opening Up ◽

Central South ◽

Opening Up

Based on the value of agricultural farm products produced by different subsectors in China, the foregoing analysis reveals the dynamic character of agricultural diversification by which, this study seeks to examine the evolutionary process of Chinese agriculture through a quantitative study of agricultural diversification at both national and provincial levels. In the initial stages of reform and opening up, the degree of agricultural diversification in the southwest was relatively high; then the center of agricultural diversification gradually moved to the southeast of China; finally, the degree of agricultural diversification in the economically developed eastern provinces was obviously higher than those in other regions in 2019. It was seen that some provinces in the eastern and central south regions moved toward increasing diversification in one direction, and other provinces changed direction, first moving toward diversification and later toward concentration or vice versa. These oscillations implied that there was a cyclic tendency of agricultural diversification along with an increase in per capita GDP. Generally speaking, the patterns of diversification differed across regions due to diversified agricultural subsectors resulting from different natural and socio-economic circumstances. In particular, in less developed regions with lower agricultural diversification levels, farming agriculture persistently dominated the leading position with relatively more resistance to modernizing trends in other aspects of agriculture. It is urgent for the Chinese government to figure out ways off reconciling agricultural productivity with environmental quality through the ecological intensification of agriculture.

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