7. Long- Term Earthquake Prediction, Seismic Gaps: Alaska, Mexico, and South America

Paleoenvironmental reconstructions are increasingly being used in conservation biology, ecosystem management, and evaluations of ecosystem services (ES), but their potential to contribute to the ES risk assessment process has not been explored. We propose that the long-term history of the ecosystem provides valuable information that augments and strengthens an ES risk assessment and that it should be considered routinely when undertaking risk assessments. We adjusted a standard ecosystem-based risk management (EBRM) protocol to include paleoenvironmental data, and tested the modified approach on two coastal lagoons in South America. Paleolimnological reconstructions in both lagoons indicate that salinity and nutrients (in Laguna de Rocha), and salinity (in Ciénaga Grande de Santa Marta), as controlled by hydrologic connectivity with the ocean and freshwater tributaries, have been the key variables behind ecosystem’s function. This understanding, applied to inform various components and steps in the EBRM protocol, suggests that the maintenance of hydrological connections should be a management priority to minimize risk to ES. This work illustrates the utility of including paleoenvironmental data in an EBRM context and highlights the need for a more holistic approach to risk management by incorporating the long-term history of ecosystem function.

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Precursory pattern of tidal triggering of earthquakes in six regions of China: the possible relation to the crustal heterogeneity

Natural Hazards and Earth System Science ◽

10.5194/nhess-13-2605-2013 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 13 (10) ◽

pp. 2605-2618 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Q. Li ◽

G.-M. Xu

Keyword(s):

Earthquake Prediction ◽

Earthquake Hazard ◽

Earthquake Forecasting ◽

Earthquake Occurrence ◽

Crustal Rocks ◽

Tidal Triggering ◽

Crustal Heterogeneity ◽

Tidal Variations ◽

Prediction Efficiency

Abstract. We found the possible correlation between the precursory pattern of tidal triggering of earthquakes and the crustal heterogeneities, which is of particular importance to the researchers in earthquake prediction and earthquake hazard prevention. We investigated the connection between the tidal variations and earthquake occurrence in the Liyang, Wunansha, Cangshan, Wenan, Luquan and Yaoan regions of China. Most of the regions show a higher correlation with tidal triggering in several years preceding the large or destructive earthquakes compared to other times, indicating that the tidal triggering may inherently relate to the nucleation of the destructive earthquakes during this time. In addition, the analysis results indicate that the Liyang, Cangshan and Luquan regions, with stronger heterogeneity, show statistically significant effects of tidal triggering preceding the large or destructive earthquakes, while the Wunansha, Wenan and Yaoan regions, with relatively weak heterogeneity, show statistically insignificant effects of it, signifying that the precursory pattern of tidal triggering of earthquakes in these six regions is possibly related to the heterogeneities of the crustal rocks. The above results suggest that when people try to find the potential earthquake hazardous areas or make middle–long-term earthquake forecasting by means of precursory pattern of the tidal triggering, the crustal heterogeneity in these areas has to be taken into consideration for the purpose of increasing the prediction efficiency. If they do not consider the influence of crustal heterogeneity on the tidal triggering of earthquakes, the prediction efficiency might greatly decrease.

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CORRELATIONS OF THE MEAN TIME AND MEAN MAGNITUDE OF ACCELERATING PRESHOCKS WITH THE ORIGIN TIME AND MAGNITUDE OF MAINSHOCK

Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece ◽

10.12681/bgsg.11406 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 43 (4) ◽

pp. 2154

Author(s):

E. M. Scordilis

Keyword(s):

Standard Deviation ◽

South America ◽

Strain Rate ◽

Central Asia ◽

Earthquake Prediction ◽

Critical Region ◽

Origin Time ◽

The Mean ◽

Benioff Strain ◽

Mean Time

Forty-five preshock sequences preceding corresponding strong (M≥6.4) mainshocks which occurred recently (since 1980) in a variety of seismotectonic regimes (W. Mediterranean, Aegean, Anatolia, California, Japan, Central Asia, South America) have been examined to identify new predictive properties. It has been observed that the mean origin time, , and the mean magnitude, of the accelerating preshocks of each sequence are correlated with the origin time, tc, and the magnitude, M, of the mainshock, respectively. The following relations have been derived: where sa (in Joule ½ /yr.104 Km2 ) is the Benioff strain rate in each preshock (critical) region and σ is the corresponding standard deviation. The possibility for using these relations as constraints in attempts for intermediate term earthquake prediction is discussed.

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Is Guyana a new oil El Dorado?

The Journal of World Energy Law & Business ◽

10.1093/jwelb/jwz022 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 12 (5) ◽

pp. 365-368

Author(s):

Luis Fernando Panelli

Keyword(s):

South America ◽

21St Century ◽

Presidential Elections ◽

Gdp Per Capita ◽

The Political ◽

Oil Exploitation ◽

The World ◽

Challenges And Opportunities ◽

Per Capita

Abstract The Co-operative Republic of Guyana has become one of the most interesting and dynamic oil producing countries in the world at the start of the 21st century. The country already holds 5 billion barrels of proved reserves, which will certainly grow with new discoveries. Exxon leads a consortium of four companies that have the concession of the Stabroek Block (Liza Field), where nine discoveries have been made so far. Five FPSOs will be operating in the future, one of which is due to arrive in Guyana before the end of 2019 and another is due for 2020. By then, the country will be producing 340,000 barrels a day. This production will double and then reach 1 million barrels a day before the end of the next decade. The challenges and opportunities regarding the Guyanese people are dire. The lack of proper infrastructure is certainly one of the biggest challenges. But it is important to stress that the oil proceeds will transform Guyana into the highest GDP per capita of South America. The political stage is also analysed, since political instability might raise concerns for long-term investors. The Venezuela–Guyana differences regarding the sovereignty of the Essequibo Region are again a cause for concern. Brazil is a key player in supporting the geopolitical stability of South America. Presidential elections will be held in 2019/2020: the dispute will probably be between the current President Granger and the Opposition candidate Irfaan Ali. Guyana has a lot to profit from the wealth brought by oil exploitation, but its people fear the risk of growing corruption.

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What do Amazonian Shellmounds Tell Us About the Long-Term Indigenous History of South America?

Encyclopedia of Global Archaeology ◽

10.1007/978-3-319-51726-1_3030-1 ◽

2018 ◽

pp. 1-25 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Francisco Antonio Pugliese ◽

Carlos Augusto Zimpel Neto ◽

Eduardo Góes Neves

Keyword(s):

South America ◽

Indigenous History ◽

History Of

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Long‐term evolution of hepatitis B virus genotype F: Strong association between viral diversification and the prehistoric settlement of Central and South America

Journal of Viral Hepatitis ◽

10.1111/jvh.13273 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 27 (6) ◽

pp. 620-630 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Laura Mojsiejczuk ◽

Carolina Torres ◽

Diego Flichman ◽

Rodolfo Héctor Campos

Keyword(s):

Hepatitis B Virus ◽

Hepatitis B ◽

South America ◽

Strong Association ◽

Long Term Evolution ◽

Virus Genotype ◽

Term Evolution ◽

B Virus ◽

Genotype F

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Control of Rush Skeletonweed (Chondrilla juncea) with Herbicides

Weed Technology ◽

10.1017/s0890037x00038070 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 7 (4) ◽

pp. 954-959 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

John W. Heap

Keyword(s):

South America ◽

Central Europe ◽

Mediterranean Region ◽

Survival Rates ◽

Perennial Weed ◽

Herbicide Treatments ◽

Rush Skeletonweed ◽

North And South America ◽

North And South

A range of herbicide treatments was evaluated for long-term control of rush skeletonweed, a perennial weed of crops and pastures in North and South America, the Mediterranean region, central Europe, and Australia. Clopyralid (75 to 300 g ai/ha) and clopyralid mixtures with 2,4-D, MCPA, or dicamba were effective, resulting in survival rates of 0 to 4% for the most successful treatments applied for three consecutive seasons. Metsulfuron (9 g ai/ha) and 2,4-D (850 g ai/ha) significantly reduced survival when applied at high rates for three years. Barley yield in the season following control was increased by up to 195 to 199% of yield from untreated plots. Evidence was found for differences in herbicide susceptibility between narrowleaf and broadleaf forms of rush skeletonweed.

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