scholarly journals A biological switching valve evolved in the female of a sex-role reversed cave insect to receive multiple seminal packages

eLife ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kazunori Yoshizawa ◽  
Yoshitaka Kamimura ◽  
Charles Lienhard ◽  
Rodrigo L Ferreira ◽  
Alexander Blanke
Keyword(s):  
Sex Role ◽  
Female Genitalia ◽  
Switching Valve ◽  
Morphological Novelty ◽  
Functional Switching ◽  
To Receive

We report a functional switching valve within the female genitalia of the Brazilian cave insect Neotrogla. The valve complex is composed of two plate-like sclerites, a closure element, and in-and-outflow canals. Females have a penis-like intromittent organ to coercively anchor males and obtain voluminous semen. The semen is packed in a capsule, whose formation is initiated by seminal injection. It is not only used for fertilization but also consumed by the female as nutrition. The valve complex has two slots for insemination so that Neotrogla can continue mating while the first slot is occupied. In conjunction with the female penis, this switching valve is a morphological novelty enabling females to compete for seminal gifts in their nutrient-poor cave habitats through long copulation times and multiple seminal injections. The evolution of this switching valve may have been a prerequisite for the reversal of the intromittent organ in Neotrogla.

scholarly journals Author response: A biological switching valve evolved in the female of a sex-role reversed cave insect to receive multiple seminal packages

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kazunori Yoshizawa ◽  
Yoshitaka Kamimura ◽  
Charles Lienhard ◽  
Rodrigo L Ferreira ◽  
Alexander Blanke
Keyword(s):  
Sex Role ◽  
Author Response ◽  
Switching Valve ◽  
To Receive

Attitudinal Barriers and Strategies for Overcoming Them

1983 ◽  
Vol 77 (6) ◽  
pp. 290-292 ◽  
Author(s):  
Judith M. Dixon
Keyword(s):  
Sex Role ◽  
Disabled Persons ◽  
Disability Benefit ◽  
Assertiveness Training ◽  
Employer Attitudes ◽  
Attitudinal Barriers ◽  
Sex Role Stereotyping ◽  
Training And Support ◽  
Visually Impaired Persons ◽  
To Receive

Women and disabled persons are both stigmatized by today's culture. In the general population, 58 percent of females are in the labor force; among blind or visually impaired persons, only 29 percent of females are employed or looking for work. One factor in this situation is the disincentive to work built into the disability benefit programs, although women are apt to receive a lower level of benefits than men. Other factors are employer attitudes toward blindness, and sex-role stereotyping. Major strategies for overcoming barriers include timely and accurate vocational preparation, assertiveness training, and support networks.

scholarly journals Gender Differences in Political Participation in Britain: Traditional, Radical and Revisionist Models

1991 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 56-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pippa Norris
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Political Participation ◽  
Sex Role ◽  
Economic Resources ◽  
Political Life ◽  
Life Styles ◽  
Domestic Constraints ◽  
Sex Role Socialization ◽  
To Receive ◽  
Elected Office

IN RECENT YEARS QUESTIONS ABOUT THE EXTENT AND nature of gender differences in political participation have proved controversial. Within the literature we can identify three main perspectives. The traditional view, common in the 1950s and 1960s, was that women tended to be less involved and interested in most conventional forms of political life, whether in terms of elected office, party membership, interest group activity, or campaign work, and, to a lesser extent, in voting. The paucity of women in parliamentary elites therefore seemed consistent with their general lack of interest in political life. Debates about the causes of the participation gap tended to revolve around the relative importance of gender differences in structural life-styles (domestic constraints, socio-economic resources, and organizational affiliations) and/or political attitudes (sex role socialization, political efficacy and confidence). The traditional perspective may have become less popular but it continues to receive support from some recent studies.

Minneapolis SLPs to Receive Salary Increase

ASHA Leader ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 6 (19) ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary M. Annett
Keyword(s):  
Salary Increase ◽  
To Receive

Older Men Less Likely to Receive Depression Tx

2010 ◽  
Vol 43 (10) ◽  
pp. 30
Author(s):  
ROXANNA GUILFORD-BLAKE
Keyword(s):  
Older Men ◽  
To Receive

Geschlechtsspezifische Ideale im Wandel der Zeit

2004 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 165-176 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karl Ralf Swazina ◽  
Karin Waldherr ◽  
Kathrin Maier
Keyword(s):  
Sex Role ◽  
Bem Sex Role Inventory

Zusammenfassung: Ausgehend von vorhandenen Hypothesen einer zeitlichen Veränderung der Sozialen Erwünschtheit der femininen und maskulinen Eigenschaften des Bem Sex-Role Inventory (BSRI; Bem, 1974 ; Schneider-Düker, 1978 ) für Frauen und Männer wurden im Zuge einer ersten Datenerhebung insgesamt 90 Eigenschaften von 42 Studierenden der Universität Wien eingestuft. Für acht feminine und fünf maskuline Eigenschaften des BSRI wurde eine Abweichung zwischen den neu erhobenen Werten und jenen von 1978 festgestellt. Zusätzlich ergaben sich aus diesem und einem zweiten Datensatz für einige weitere Eigenschaften Hinweise eines zeitlichen Wandels der Sozialen Erwünschtheit. Diese wurden im Zuge einer zusätzlichen Datenerhebung überprüft, wobei jene 90 Eigenschaften nun von 314 StudentInnen eingestuft wurden. Die Ergebnisse der ersten Erhebung konnten bestätigt sowie für weitere sieben maskuline und vier feminine Eigenschaften ein Anstieg der Sozialen Erwünschtheit für das jeweils andere Geschlecht festgestellt werden. Die erfassten Unterschiede zu früheren Normen werden im Sinne einer veränderten Auffassung über weibliche und männliche Ideale in unserer Gesellschaft interpretiert.

The Effects of a Caffeine Placebo and Experimenter Expectation on Blood Pressure, Heart Rate, Well-Being, and Cognitive Performance

2001 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harald Walach ◽  
Stefan Schmidt ◽  
Yvonne-Michelle Bihr ◽  
Susanne Wiesch
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Heart Rate ◽  
Cognitive Task ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Being There ◽  
To Receive

We studied the effect of experimenter expectations and different instructions in a balanced placebo design. 157 subjects were randomized into a 2 × 4 factorial design. Two experimenters were led to expect placebos either to produce physiological effects or not (pro- vs. antiplacebo). All subjects except a control group received a caffeine placebo. They were either made to expect coffee, no coffee, or were in a double-blind condition. Dependent measures were blood pressure, heart rate, well-being, and a cognitive task. There was one main effect on the instruction factor (p = 0.03) with the group “told no caffeine” reporting significantly better well-being. There was one main effect on the experimenter factor with subjects instructed by experimenter “proplacebo” having higher systolic blood pressure (p = 0.008). There was one interaction with subjects instructed by experimenter “proplacebo” to receive coffee doing worse in the cognitive task than the rest. Subjects instructed by experimenter “antiplacebo” were significantly less likely to believe the experimental instruction, and that mostly if they had been instructed to receive coffee. Contrary to the literature we could not show an effect of instruction, but there was an effect of experimenters. It is likely, however, that these experimenter effects were not due to experimental manipulations, but to the difference in personalities.

A Pilot Study of Mobile Telephone Message Interventions with Suicide Attempters in China

Crisis ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 109-112 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hui Chen ◽  
Brian L. Mishara ◽  
Xiao Xian Liu
Keyword(s):  
Pilot Study ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Text Message ◽  
Text Messages ◽  
Mobile Telephone ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Quick Method ◽  
Suicide Attempters ◽  
To Receive

Background: In China, where follow-up with hospitalized attempters is generally lacking, there is a great need for inexpensive and effective means of maintaining contact and decreasing recidivism. Aims: Our objective was to test whether mobile telephone message contacts after discharge would be feasible and acceptable to suicide attempters in China. Methods: Fifteen participants were recruited from suicide attempters seen in the Emergency Department in Wuhan, China, to participate in a pilot study to receive mobile telephone messages after discharge. All participants have access to a mobile telephone, and there is no charge for the user to receive text messages. Results: Most participants (12) considered the text message contacts an acceptable and useful form of help and would like to continue to receive them for a longer period of time. Conclusions: This suggests that, as a low-cost and quick method of intervention in areas where more intensive follow-up is not practical or available, telephone messages contacts are accessible, feasible, and acceptable to suicide attempters. We hope that this will inspire future research on regular and long-term message interventions to prevent recidivism in suicide attempters.

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