scholarly journals Brain-specific Drp1 regulates postsynaptic endocytosis and dendrite formation independently of mitochondrial division

eLife ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kie Itoh ◽  
Daisuke Murata ◽  
Takashi Kato ◽  
Tatsuya Yamada ◽  
Yoichi Araki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brain Development ◽  
Dendritic Spines ◽  
Brain Function ◽  
Sensorimotor Gating ◽  
Neuronal Morphology ◽  
Mrna Splicing ◽  
Related Protein ◽  
Mitochondrial Division ◽  
Postnatal Brain ◽  
The Brain

Dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1) divides mitochondria as a mechano-chemical GTPase. However, the function of Drp1 beyond mitochondrial division is largely unknown. Multiple Drp1 isoforms are produced through mRNA splicing. One such isoform, Drp1ABCD, contains all four alternative exons and is specifically expressed in the brain. Here, we studied the function of Drp1ABCD in mouse neurons in both culture and animal systems using isoform-specific knockdown by shRNA and isoform-specific knockout by CRISPR/Cas9. We found that the expression of Drp1ABCD is induced during postnatal brain development. Drp1ABCD is enriched in dendritic spines and regulates postsynaptic clathrin-mediated endocytosis by positioning the endocytic zone at the postsynaptic density, independently of mitochondrial division. Drp1ABCD loss promotes the formation of ectopic dendrites in neurons and enhanced sensorimotor gating behavior in mice. These data reveal that Drp1ABCD controls postsynaptic endocytosis, neuronal morphology and brain function.

Nutrition during early childhood years and a risk of mental diseases

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (6) ◽  
pp. 20-26
Author(s):  
O.K. Netrebenko ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Brain Development ◽  
Brain Function ◽  
Critical Period ◽  
Statistical Data ◽  
Neuropsychological Disorders ◽  
The Past ◽  
Expression Of Genes ◽  
Mental Diseases ◽  
Development Processes ◽  
The Brain

At present, the prevalence of mental disorders among children and adults is growing rapidly. For example, according to statistical data, the prevalence rates of all mental diseases in Russia have grown by 10 times during the past 45 years. Apparently, one of the causes might be impairment of the processes of normal programming of metabolic and brain function, which occurs during the critical period of the first 1000 days of life. Any imbalances in the environment and nutrition in that period might change the function of genes responsible for production of neurotransmitters, neurotrophic factors, and other molecules involved in synaptogenesis, dendritic synthesis. A factor influencing the brain development processes that is most accessible for modification is nutrition. Nutrition of a pregnant woman and baby, as well as the state of intestinal microbiota, influence the expression of genes important for an adequate brain development. Key words: nutrition, brain development, neuropsychological disorders

Postnatal Brain Development

2013 ◽  
pp. 128-163 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julie C. Markant ◽  
Kathleen M. Thomas
Keyword(s):  
Brain Development ◽  
Neural Development ◽  
Developmental Change ◽  
Childhood And Adolescence ◽  
Postnatal Brain ◽  
Significant Development ◽  
Key Aspects ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Synaptic Pruning ◽  
New Discovery

While key aspects of neural development occur prenatally in humans, the brain continues to show significant development postnatally. In this chapter, we review several aspects of brain development that continue well into childhood and adolescence. First, we discuss the continued sculpting of synaptic connections, including the extension of axons and dendrites, neurotransmitter function, synaptic pruning, and myelination. Second, we examine noninvasive indices of structural brain development, including regional volume and connectivity in the brain that may be more easily linked to changes in child behavior across development. Third, we briefly discuss broad developmental changes in functional activity of the brain and connectivity across regions. Finally, we discuss the evidence for postnatal neurogenesis, a relatively new discovery in postnatal brain development. We conclude that although prenatal events of brain development are critical, postnatal sculpting of the brain continues to play a central role in individual differences in behavior and developmental change.

scholarly journals Altered GABA Signaling in Early Life Epilepsies

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen W. Briggs ◽  
Aristea S. Galanopoulou
Keyword(s):  
Brain Function ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Physiological Role ◽  
Neuronal Morphology ◽  
Normal Brain ◽  
Pathological Conditions ◽  
Neurodevelopmental Deficits ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Normal Brain Development

The incidence of seizures is particularly high in the early ages of life. The immaturity of inhibitory systems, such as GABA, during normal brain development and its further dysregulation under pathological conditions that predispose to seizures have been speculated to play a major role in facilitating seizures. Seizures can further impair or disrupt GABAAsignaling by reshuffling the subunit composition of its receptors or causing aberrant reappearance of depolarizing or hyperpolarizing GABAAreceptor currents. Such effects may not result in epileptogenesis as frequently as they do in adults. Given the central role of GABAAsignaling in brain function and development, perturbation of its physiological role may interfere with neuronal morphology, differentiation, and connectivity, manifesting as cognitive or neurodevelopmental deficits. The current GABAergic antiepileptic drugs, while often effective for adults, are not always capable of stopping seizures and preventing their sequelae in neonates. Recent studies have explored the therapeutic potential of chloride cotransporter inhibitors, such as bumetanide, as adjunctive therapies of neonatal seizures. However, more needs to be known so as to develop therapies capable of stopping seizures while preserving the age- and sex-appropriate development of the brain.

scholarly journals Maternal Supply of Both Arachidonic and Docosahexaenoic Acids Is Required for Optimal Neurodevelopment

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 2061
Author(s):  
Sanjay Basak ◽  
Rahul Mallick ◽  
Antara Banerjee ◽  
Surajit Pathak ◽  
Asim K. Duttaroy
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Arachidonic Acid ◽  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Brain Development ◽  
Rapid Rate ◽  
Postnatal Brain ◽  
Functional Roles ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Docosahexaenoic Acids

During the last trimester of gestation and for the first 18 months after birth, both docosahexaenoic acid,22:6n-3 (DHA) and arachidonic acid,20:4n-6 (ARA) are preferentially deposited within the cerebral cortex at a rapid rate. Although the structural and functional roles of DHA in brain development are well investigated, similar roles of ARA are not well documented. The mode of action of these two fatty acids and their derivatives at different structural–functional roles and their levels in the gene expression and signaling pathways of the brain have been continuously emanating. In addition to DHA, the importance of ARA has been much discussed in recent years for fetal and postnatal brain development and the maternal supply of ARA and DHA. These fatty acids are also involved in various brain developmental processes; however, their mechanistic cross talks are not clearly known yet. This review describes the importance of ARA, in addition to DHA, in supporting the optimal brain development and growth and functional roles in the brain.

scholarly journals Maternal Supply of Both Arachidonic and Docosahexaenoic Acids is Required for Optimal Neurodevelopment

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sanjay Basak ◽  
Rahul Mallick ◽  
Antara Banerjee ◽  
Surajit Pathak ◽  
Asim K. Duttaroy
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Arachidonic Acid ◽  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Brain Development ◽  
Rapid Rate ◽  
Postnatal Brain ◽  
Functional Roles ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Docosahexaenoic Acids

During the last trimester of gestation and for the first 18 months after birth, both docosahexaenoic acid,22:6n-3 (DHA) and arachidonic acid,20:4n-6 (ARA) are preferentially deposited within the cerebral cortex at a rapid rate. Although, the structural and functional roles of DHA in brain development are well investigated, similar roles of ARA are not well documented. The mode of action of these two fatty acids and their derivatives at different structural-functional roles and their levels in the gene expression and signaling pathways of the brain have been continuously emanating. In addition to DHA, importance of ARA has been much discussed in recent years for fetal and postnatal brain development and the maternal supply of ARA and DHA. These fatty acids are also involved in various brain developmental processes; however, their mechanistic cross talks are not clearly known yet. This review describes the importance of ARA, in addition to DHA to support the optimal brain development and growth and functional roles in the brain.

Progress in Research on Brain Development and Function of Mice During Weaning

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (7) ◽  
pp. 705-712
Author(s):  
Wenjie Zhang ◽  
Yueling Zhang ◽  
Yuanjia Zheng ◽  
Mingxuan Zheng ◽  
Nannan Sun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brain Development ◽  
Brain Function ◽  
Drug Targets ◽  
Cell Activity ◽  
Behavioral Changes ◽  
Molecular Characteristics ◽  
Neuropsychiatric Diseases ◽  
And Function ◽  
Developmental Differentiation ◽  
The Brain

Lactation is a critical phase for brain function development. New dietary experiences of mouse caused by weaning can regulate brain development and function, increase their response to food and environment, and eventually give rise to corresponding behavioral changes. Changes in weaning time induce the alteration of brain tissues morphology and molecular characteristics, glial cell activity and behaviors in the offspring. In addition, it is also sensitive to the intervention of environment and drugs during this period. That is to say, the study focused on brain development and function based on mouse weaning is critical to demonstrate the underlying pathogenesis of neuropsychiatric diseases and find new drug targets. This article mainly focuses on the developmental differentiation of the brain during lactation, especially during weaning in mice.

Frontier concept of rabi chip for intelligent humanoid

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Preecha Yupapin ◽  
Amiri I. S. ◽  
Ali J. ◽  
Ponsuwancharoen N. ◽  
Youplao P.
Keyword(s):  
Human Brain ◽  
Brain Function ◽  
Rabi Oscillation ◽  
Liquid Core ◽  
Brain Surface ◽  
Dipole Oscillation ◽  
On Chip ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Robotic Applications ◽  
Atom System

The sequence of the human brain can be configured by the originated strongly coupling fields to a pair of the ionic substances(bio-cells) within the microtubules. From which the dipole oscillation begins and transports by the strong trapped force, which is known as a tweezer. The tweezers are the trapped polaritons, which are the electrical charges with information. They will be collected on the brain surface and transport via the liquid core guide wave, which is the mixture of blood content and water. The oscillation frequency is called the Rabi frequency, is formed by the two-level atom system. Our aim will manipulate the Rabi oscillation by an on-chip device, where the quantum outputs may help to form the realistic human brain function for humanoid robotic applications.

Finding Community of Brain Networks Based on Neighbor Index and DPSO with Dynamic Crossover

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 287-299
Author(s):  
Jie Zhang ◽  
Junhong Feng ◽  
Fang-Xiang Wu
Keyword(s):  
Brain Function ◽  
Brain Networks ◽  
Discrete Particle Swarm Optimization ◽  
Mri Brain ◽  
Mutation Operators ◽  
Neural Unit ◽  
Crossover And Mutation ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Index Table ◽  
Dynamic Crossover

Background: : The brain networks can provide us an effective way to analyze brain function and brain disease detection. In brain networks, there exist some import neural unit modules, which contain meaningful biological insights. Objective:: Therefore, we need to find the optimal neural unit modules effectively and efficiently. Method:: In this study, we propose a novel algorithm to find community modules of brain networks by combining Neighbor Index and Discrete Particle Swarm Optimization (DPSO) with dynamic crossover, abbreviated as NIDPSO. The differences between this study and the existing ones lie in that NIDPSO is proposed first to find community modules of brain networks, and dose not need to predefine and preestimate the number of communities in advance. Results: : We generate a neighbor index table to alleviate and eliminate ineffective searches and design a novel coding by which we can determine the community without computing the distances amongst vertices in brain networks. Furthermore, dynamic crossover and mutation operators are designed to modify NIDPSO so as to alleviate the drawback of premature convergence in DPSO. Conclusion: The numerical results performing on several resting-state functional MRI brain networks demonstrate that NIDPSO outperforms or is comparable with other competing methods in terms of modularity, coverage and conductance metrics.

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