Nutrition during early childhood years and a risk of mental diseases

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (6) ◽  
pp. 20-26
Author(s):  
O.K. Netrebenko ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Brain Development ◽  
Brain Function ◽  
Critical Period ◽  
Statistical Data ◽  
Neuropsychological Disorders ◽  
The Past ◽  
Expression Of Genes ◽  
Mental Diseases ◽  
Development Processes ◽  
The Brain

At present, the prevalence of mental disorders among children and adults is growing rapidly. For example, according to statistical data, the prevalence rates of all mental diseases in Russia have grown by 10 times during the past 45 years. Apparently, one of the causes might be impairment of the processes of normal programming of metabolic and brain function, which occurs during the critical period of the first 1000 days of life. Any imbalances in the environment and nutrition in that period might change the function of genes responsible for production of neurotransmitters, neurotrophic factors, and other molecules involved in synaptogenesis, dendritic synthesis. A factor influencing the brain development processes that is most accessible for modification is nutrition. Nutrition of a pregnant woman and baby, as well as the state of intestinal microbiota, influence the expression of genes important for an adequate brain development. Key words: nutrition, brain development, neuropsychological disorders

scholarly journals Retrotransposon-induced mosaicism in the neural genome

Open Biology ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (7) ◽  
pp. 180074 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriela O. Bodea ◽  
Eleanor G. Z. McKelvey ◽  
Geoffrey J. Faulkner
Keyword(s):  
Brain Development ◽  
Adult Neurogenesis ◽  
Neurological Disease ◽  
Dynamic Structure ◽  
Neurological Function ◽  
Developing Brain ◽  
Neural Cells ◽  
The Past ◽  
Retrotransposon Activity ◽  
The Brain

Over the past decade, major discoveries in retrotransposon biology have depicted the neural genome as a dynamic structure during life. In particular, the retrotransposon LINE-1 (L1) has been shown to be transcribed and mobilized in the brain. Retrotransposition in the developing brain, as well as during adult neurogenesis, provides a milieu in which neural diversity can arise. Dysregulation of retrotransposon activity may also contribute to neurological disease. Here, we review recent reports of retrotransposon activity in the brain, and discuss the temporal nature of retrotransposition and its regulation in neural cells in response to stimuli. We also put forward hypotheses regarding the significance of retrotransposons for brain development and neurological function, and consider the potential implications of this phenomenon for neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative conditions.

Is the Human Brain Unique?

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jack M. Gorman
Keyword(s):  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Theory Of Mind ◽  
Human Brain ◽  
Brain Function ◽  
Human Mind ◽  
Brain Diseases ◽  
Expression Of Genes ◽  
The Future ◽  
Mind And Brain ◽  
The Brain

Some scientists now argue that humans are really not superior to other species, including our nearest genetic neighbors, chimpanzees and bonobos. Indeed, those animals seem capable of many things previously thought to be uniquely human, including a sense of the future, empathy, depression, and theory of mind. However, it is clear that humans alone produce speech, dominate the globe, and have several brain diseases like schizophrenia. There are three possible sources within the brain for these differences in brain function: in the structure of the brain, in genes coding for proteins in the brain, and in the level of expression of genes in the brain. There is evidence that all three are the case, giving us a place to look for the intersection of the human mind and brain: the expression of genes within neurons of the prefrontal cortex.

scholarly journals Studies of Altered Social Cognition in Neuropsychiatric Disorders Using Functional Neuroimaging

2002 ◽  
Vol 47 (4) ◽  
pp. 327-336 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cheryl L Grady ◽  
Michelle L Keightley
Keyword(s):  
Social Cognition ◽  
Brain Function ◽  
Functional Neuroimaging ◽  
Neuropsychiatric Disorders ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
The Past ◽  
Complex Interactions ◽  
Social Abilities ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Self Reference

In this paper, we review studies using functional neuroimaging to examine cognition in neuropsychiatric disorders. The focus is on social cognition, which is a topic that has received increasing attention over the past few years. A network of brain regions is proposed for social cognition that includes regions involved in processes relevant to social functioning (for example, self reference and emotion). We discuss the alterations of activity in these areas in patients with autism, depression, schizophrenia, and posttraumatic stress disorder in relation to deficits in social behaviour and symptoms. The evidence to date suggests that there may be some specificity of the brain regions involved in these 4 disorders, but all are associated with dysfunction in the amygdala and dorsal cingulate gyrus. Although there is much work remaining in this area, we are beginning to understand the complex interactions of brain function and behaviour that lead to disruptions of social abilities.

scholarly journals Features of Neuralization Diagnostics Transitor-Ischemic Attacks

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (7) ◽  
pp. 670
Author(s):  
Tursunova M. O ◽  
Abdullaeva M. B ◽  
Kalanov A. B ◽  
Aktamova M.U
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Data ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Educational Programs ◽  
Transient Ischemic Attacks ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Important Place ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Us ◽  
Long Time ◽  
The Brain

Transient-ischemic attacks (TIA) as precursors of cerebral strokes occupy an important place among all forms of cerebrovascular insufficiency. With regard to the epidemiology of transient ischemic attacks (TIA), most countries do not have accurate data. So, in the US, they carry up to 5 million adult citizens per year, with many TIAs remaining undiagnosed. These episodes of sudden and short-term neurological deficit were considered benign and harmless for a long time. Most general practitioners and patients incorrectly or insufficiently understand the nature and significance of TIA, perhaps this can explain the small interest of doctors and the lack of statistical data on this nosological unit. Transient ischemic attacks (TIA) are defined clinically as rapidly occurring focal and less commonly diffuse (cerebral) dysfunctions of the brain that are caused by local ischemia and disappear within one day (Gafurov: 2006). Over the past two decades, many views on TIA have changed significantly; approaches to the diagnosis and treatment of patients have become much more intense and more aggressive. Current knowledge of TIA is of great importance both for the proper organization of patient care and for educational programs among the population, the importance of which cannot be overestimated.

scholarly journals Linoleic acid–good or bad for the brain?

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ameer Y. Taha
Keyword(s):  
Linoleic Acid ◽  
Brain Function ◽  
Clinical Evidence ◽  
Corn Oil ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
The Past ◽  
Omega 6 ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
The Brain

AbstractIncreased intake of omega-6 rich plant oils such as soybean and corn oil over the past few decades has inadvertently tripled the amount of n-6 linoleic acid (LA, 18:2n-6) in the diet. Although LA is nutritionally “essential”, very little is known about how it affects the brain when present in excess. This review provides an overview on the metabolism of LA by the brain and the effects of excess dietary LA intake on brain function. Pre-clinical evidence suggests that excess dietary LA increases the brain’s vulnerability to inflammation and likely acts via its oxidized metabolites. In humans, excess maternal LA intake has been linked to atypical neurodevelopment, but underlying mechanisms are unknown. It is concluded that excess dietary LA may adversely affect the brain. The potential neuroprotective role of reducing dietary LA merits clinical evaluation in future studies.

scholarly journals Brain-specific Drp1 regulates postsynaptic endocytosis and dendrite formation independently of mitochondrial division

eLife ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kie Itoh ◽  
Daisuke Murata ◽  
Takashi Kato ◽  
Tatsuya Yamada ◽  
Yoichi Araki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brain Development ◽  
Dendritic Spines ◽  
Brain Function ◽  
Sensorimotor Gating ◽  
Neuronal Morphology ◽  
Mrna Splicing ◽  
Related Protein ◽  
Mitochondrial Division ◽  
Postnatal Brain ◽  
The Brain

Dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1) divides mitochondria as a mechano-chemical GTPase. However, the function of Drp1 beyond mitochondrial division is largely unknown. Multiple Drp1 isoforms are produced through mRNA splicing. One such isoform, Drp1ABCD, contains all four alternative exons and is specifically expressed in the brain. Here, we studied the function of Drp1ABCD in mouse neurons in both culture and animal systems using isoform-specific knockdown by shRNA and isoform-specific knockout by CRISPR/Cas9. We found that the expression of Drp1ABCD is induced during postnatal brain development. Drp1ABCD is enriched in dendritic spines and regulates postsynaptic clathrin-mediated endocytosis by positioning the endocytic zone at the postsynaptic density, independently of mitochondrial division. Drp1ABCD loss promotes the formation of ectopic dendrites in neurons and enhanced sensorimotor gating behavior in mice. These data reveal that Drp1ABCD controls postsynaptic endocytosis, neuronal morphology and brain function.

scholarly journals The Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis

2019 ◽  
Vol 99 (4) ◽  
pp. 1877-2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
John F. Cryan ◽  
Kenneth J. O'Riordan ◽  
Caitlin S. M. Cowan ◽  
Kiran V. Sandhu ◽  
Thomaz F. S. Bastiaanssen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brain Function ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Physiological Basis ◽  
The Past ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Neural Processes ◽  
Mode Of Birth ◽  
Branched Chain ◽  
Infection Mode ◽  
The Brain

The importance of the gut-brain axis in maintaining homeostasis has long been appreciated. However, the past 15 yr have seen the emergence of the microbiota (the trillions of microorganisms within and on our bodies) as one of the key regulators of gut-brain function and has led to the appreciation of the importance of a distinct microbiota-gut-brain axis. This axis is gaining ever more traction in fields investigating the biological and physiological basis of psychiatric, neurodevelopmental, age-related, and neurodegenerative disorders. The microbiota and the brain communicate with each other via various routes including the immune system, tryptophan metabolism, the vagus nerve and the enteric nervous system, involving microbial metabolites such as short-chain fatty acids, branched chain amino acids, and peptidoglycans. Many factors can influence microbiota composition in early life, including infection, mode of birth delivery, use of antibiotic medications, the nature of nutritional provision, environmental stressors, and host genetics. At the other extreme of life, microbial diversity diminishes with aging. Stress, in particular, can significantly impact the microbiota-gut-brain axis at all stages of life. Much recent work has implicated the gut microbiota in many conditions including autism, anxiety, obesity, schizophrenia, Parkinson’s disease, and Alzheimer’s disease. Animal models have been paramount in linking the regulation of fundamental neural processes, such as neurogenesis and myelination, to microbiome activation of microglia. Moreover, translational human studies are ongoing and will greatly enhance the field. Future studies will focus on understanding the mechanisms underlying the microbiota-gut-brain axis and attempt to elucidate microbial-based intervention and therapeutic strategies for neuropsychiatric disorders.

Progress in Research on Brain Development and Function of Mice During Weaning

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (7) ◽  
pp. 705-712
Author(s):  
Wenjie Zhang ◽  
Yueling Zhang ◽  
Yuanjia Zheng ◽  
Mingxuan Zheng ◽  
Nannan Sun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brain Development ◽  
Brain Function ◽  
Drug Targets ◽  
Cell Activity ◽  
Behavioral Changes ◽  
Molecular Characteristics ◽  
Neuropsychiatric Diseases ◽  
And Function ◽  
Developmental Differentiation ◽  
The Brain

Lactation is a critical phase for brain function development. New dietary experiences of mouse caused by weaning can regulate brain development and function, increase their response to food and environment, and eventually give rise to corresponding behavioral changes. Changes in weaning time induce the alteration of brain tissues morphology and molecular characteristics, glial cell activity and behaviors in the offspring. In addition, it is also sensitive to the intervention of environment and drugs during this period. That is to say, the study focused on brain development and function based on mouse weaning is critical to demonstrate the underlying pathogenesis of neuropsychiatric diseases and find new drug targets. This article mainly focuses on the developmental differentiation of the brain during lactation, especially during weaning in mice.

Nutrient control of brain neurotransmitter synthesis and function

1983 ◽  
Vol 61 (4) ◽  
pp. 271-281 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Harvey Anderson ◽  
Janice L. Johnston
Keyword(s):  
Brain Function ◽  
Brain Metabolism ◽  
Nutrient Content ◽  
Feedback Systems ◽  
The Past ◽  
Brain Neurotransmitter ◽  
And Function ◽  
Neurotransmitter Precursors ◽  
To Receive ◽  
The Brain

The significance of normal variations in dietary and plasma nutrient content to brain metabolism and function began to receive examination in the past decade. It is now clear that the brain is much more sensitive to variations in nutrient supply than previously thought. Indeed, it seems likely that the diet-induced plasma fluctuations in nutrients, either as a result of their cofactor roles or as neurotransmitter precursors, are important components of feedback systems assisting the brain in controlling many of its functions. This discovery has suggested new approaches to understanding mechanisms controlling brain function and to treatment of diseases of the brain.

Frontier concept of rabi chip for intelligent humanoid

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Preecha Yupapin ◽  
Amiri I. S. ◽  
Ali J. ◽  
Ponsuwancharoen N. ◽  
Youplao P.
Keyword(s):  
Human Brain ◽  
Brain Function ◽  
Rabi Oscillation ◽  
Liquid Core ◽  
Brain Surface ◽  
Dipole Oscillation ◽  
On Chip ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Robotic Applications ◽  
Atom System

The sequence of the human brain can be configured by the originated strongly coupling fields to a pair of the ionic substances(bio-cells) within the microtubules. From which the dipole oscillation begins and transports by the strong trapped force, which is known as a tweezer. The tweezers are the trapped polaritons, which are the electrical charges with information. They will be collected on the brain surface and transport via the liquid core guide wave, which is the mixture of blood content and water. The oscillation frequency is called the Rabi frequency, is formed by the two-level atom system. Our aim will manipulate the Rabi oscillation by an on-chip device, where the quantum outputs may help to form the realistic human brain function for humanoid robotic applications.

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