scholarly journals Social structure learning in human anterior insula

eLife ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tatiana Lau ◽  
Samuel J Gershman ◽  
Mina Cikara
Keyword(s):  
Social Group ◽  
Structure Learning ◽  
Functional Neuroimaging ◽  
Group Structure ◽  
Anterior Insula ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Latent Structure ◽  
Group Representations ◽  
Neuroimaging Data ◽  
Category Labels

Humans form social coalitions in every society, yet we know little about how we learn and represent social group boundaries. Here we derive predictions from a computational model of latent structure learning to move beyond explicit category labels and interpersonal, or dyadic, similarity as the sole inputs to social group representations. Using a model-based analysis of functional neuroimaging data, we find that separate areas correlate with dyadic similarity and latent structure learning. Trial-by-trial estimates of ‘allyship’ based on dyadic similarity between participants and each agent recruited medial prefrontal cortex/pregenual anterior cingulate (pgACC). Latent social group structure-based allyship estimates, in contrast, recruited right anterior insula (rAI). Variability in the brain signal from rAI improved prediction of variability in ally-choice behavior, whereas variability from the pgACC did not. These results provide novel insights into the psychological and neural mechanisms by which people learn to distinguish ‘us’ from ‘them.’

scholarly journals Social Structure Learning in Human Anterior Insula

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tatiana Lau ◽  
Samuel J. Gershman ◽  
Mina Cikara
Keyword(s):  
Social Group ◽  
Structure Learning ◽  
Functional Neuroimaging ◽  
Group Structure ◽  
Anterior Insula ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Latent Structure ◽  
Group Representations ◽  
Neuroimaging Data ◽  
Category Labels

Humans form social coalitions in every society, yet we know little about how we learn and represent social group boundaries. Here we derive predictions from a computational model of latent structure learning to move beyond explicit category labels and interpersonal, or dyadic similarity as the sole inputs to social group representations. Using a model-based analysis of functional neuroimaging data, we find that separate areas correlate with dyadic similarity and latent structure learning. Trial-by-trial estimates of ‘allyship’ based on dyadic similarity between participants and each agent recruited medial prefrontal cortex/pregenual anterior cingulate (pgACC). Latent social group structure-based allyship estimates, in contrast, recruited right anterior insula (rAI). Variability in the brain signal from rAI improved prediction of variability in ally-choice behavior, whereas variability from the pgACC did not. These results provide novel insights into the psychological and neural mechanisms by which people learn to distinguish “us” from “them.”

Two Distinct Neuronal Networks Mediate the Awareness of Environment and of Self

2011 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 570-578 ◽  
Author(s):  
Audrey Vanhaudenhuyse ◽  
Athena Demertzi ◽  
Manuel Schabus ◽  
Quentin Noirhomme ◽  
Serge Bredart ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Healthy Volunteers ◽  
Resting State ◽  
Functional Neuroimaging ◽  
A Priori ◽  
External Input ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Switching Frequency ◽  
Brain Areas ◽  
Neuroimaging Data ◽  
Parietal Cortices

Evidence from functional neuroimaging studies on resting state suggests that there are two distinct anticorrelated cortical systems that mediate conscious awareness: an “extrinsic” system that encompasses lateral fronto-parietal areas and has been linked with processes of external input (external awareness), and an “intrinsic” system which encompasses mainly medial brain areas and has been associated with internal processes (internal awareness). The aim of our study was to explore the neural correlates of resting state by providing behavioral and neuroimaging data from healthy volunteers. With no a priori assumptions, we first determined behaviorally the relationship between external and internal awareness in 31 subjects. We found a significant anticorrelation between external and internal awareness with a mean switching frequency of 0.05 Hz (range: 0.01–0.1 Hz). Interestingly, this frequency is similar to BOLD fMRI slow oscillations. We then evaluated 22 healthy volunteers in an fMRI paradigm looking for brain areas where BOLD activity correlated with “internal” and “external” scores. Activation of precuneus/posterior cingulate, anterior cingulate/mesiofrontal cortices, and parahippocampal areas (“intrinsic system”) was linearly linked to intensity of internal awareness, whereas activation of lateral fronto-parietal cortices (“extrinsic system”) was linearly associated with intensity of external awareness.

A performative network theory of attitudes

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Quayle
Keyword(s):  
Attitude Change ◽  
Network Structure ◽  
Network Theory ◽  
Social Group ◽  
Group Structure ◽  
Social Identities ◽  
Bipartite Network ◽  
Identity Change ◽  
Multilayer Network ◽  
Dynamic Phenomena

In this paper I propose a network theory of attitudes where attitude agreements and disagreements forge a multilayer network structure that simultaneously binds people into groups (via attitudes) and attitudes into clusters (via people who share them). This theory proposes that people have a range of possible attitudes (like cards in a hand) but these only become meaningful when expressed (like a card played). Attitudes are expressed with sensitivity to their potential audiences and are socially performative: when we express attitudes, or respond to those expressed by others, we tell people who we are, what groups we might belong to and what to think of us. Agreement and disagreement can be modelled as a bipartite network that provides a psychological basis for perceived ingroup similarity and outgroup difference and, more abstractly, group identity. Opinion-based groups and group-related opinions are therefore co-emergent dynamic phenomena. Dynamic fixing occurs when particular attitudes become associated with specific social identities. The theory provides a framework for understanding identity ecosystems in which social group structure and attitudes are co-constituted. The theory describes how attitude change is also identity change. This has broad relevance across disciplines and applications concerned with social influence and attitude change.

Database of MNI stereotactic coordinates for deep brain stimulation targets in neuropsychiatric disorders

2011 ◽  
Vol 26 (S2) ◽  
pp. 1149-1149
Author(s):  
U. Moser ◽  
M. Savli ◽  
R. Lanzenberger ◽  
S. Kasper
Keyword(s):  
Deep Brain Stimulation ◽  
Brain Stimulation ◽  
Functional Neuroimaging ◽  
Case Reports ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Neuroimaging Data ◽  
Specific Disorders ◽  
Image Position ◽  
Deep Brain

IntroductionDeep brain stimulation (DBS) is a promising therapy option for otherwise treatment-resistant neuropsychiatrie disorders, especially in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), major depression (TRD) and Tourette's Syndrome (TS).ObjectiveThe brain coordinates of the DBS targets are mainly reported using measurements in original, unnormalized brains. In the neuroimaging community stereotactic data are mainly indicated in the standardized Montreal Neurological Institute (MNI) space, i.e. a three-dimensional proportional grid system.AimsImproved comparability between targets in DBS studies and molecular and functional neuroimaging data from PET, SPECT, MRI, fMRI, mostly published with stereotactic data.MethodsA comprehensive and systematic literature search for published DBS case reports or studies in TRD, OCD and TS was performed. We extracted the tip positions of electrode leads as provided in the publications or by the authors, and transferred individual coordinates to the standard brain in the MNI space.Results46 publications fulfilled the inclusion criteria. The main targets for the specific disorders and one or two examples of their calculated MNI coordinates are indicated in the table:[MNI coordinates of the main DBS targets]ConclusionsWe provide DBS data of neuropsychiatrie disorders in the MNI space, improving the comparability to molecular, functional and structural neuroimaging data.

scholarly journals Functional Neuroimaging and Psychology: What Have You Done for Me Lately?

2013 ◽  
Vol 25 (6) ◽  
pp. 834-842 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph M. Moran ◽  
Jamil Zaki
Keyword(s):  
Functional Imaging ◽  
Brain Mapping ◽  
Functional Neuroimaging ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Psychological Theory ◽  
Quarter Century ◽  
Psychological Phenomena ◽  
Neuroimaging Data ◽  
Subsequent Behavior ◽  
Reverse Inference

Functional imaging has become a primary tool in the study of human psychology but is not without its detractors. Although cognitive neuroscientists have made great strides in understanding the neural instantiation of countless cognitive processes, commentators have sometimes argued that functional imaging provides little or no utility for psychologists. And indeed, myriad studies over the last quarter century have employed the technique of brain mapping—identifying the neural correlates of various psychological phenomena—in ways that bear minimally on psychological theory. How can brain mapping be made more relevant to behavioral scientists broadly? Here, we describe three trends that increase precisely this relevance: (i) the use of neuroimaging data to adjudicate between competing psychological theories through forward inference, (ii) isolating neural markers of information processing steps to better understand complex tasks and psychological phenomena through probabilistic reverse inference, and (iii) using brain activity to predict subsequent behavior. Critically, these new approaches build on the extensive tradition of brain mapping, suggesting that efforts in this area—although not initially maximally relevant to psychology—can indeed be used in ways that constrain and advance psychological theory.

scholarly journals Resting State Functional Connectivity Predicts Future Changes in Sedentary Behavior

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy P. Morris ◽  
Aaron Kucyi ◽  
Sheeba Arnold Anteraper ◽  
Maiya Rachel Geddes ◽  
Alfonso Nieto-Castañon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Functional Connectivity ◽  
Resting State ◽  
Exercise Intervention ◽  
Supplementary Motor Area ◽  
Anterior Insula ◽  
Motor Area ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Sedentary Behaviors ◽  
Resting State Functional Connectivity ◽  
The Right

AbstractInformation about a person’s available energy resources is integrated in daily behavioral choices that weigh motor costs against expected rewards. It has been posited that humans have an innate attraction towards effort minimization and that executive control is required to overcome this prepotent disposition. With sedentary behaviors increasing at the cost of millions of dollars spent in health care and productivity losses due to physical inactivity-related deaths, understanding the predictors of sedentary behaviors will improve future intervention development and precision medicine approaches. In 64 healthy older adults participating in a 6-month aerobic exercise intervention, we use neuroimaging (resting state functional connectivity), baseline measures of executive function and accelerometer measures of time spent sedentary to predict future changes in objectively measured time spent sedentary in daily life. Using cross-validation and bootstrap resampling, our results demonstrate that functional connectivity between 1) the anterior cingulate cortex and the supplementary motor area and 2) the right anterior insula and the left temporoparietal/temporooccipital junction, predict changes in time spent sedentary, whereas baseline cognitive, behavioral and demographic measures do not. Previous research has shown activation in and between the anterior cingulate and supplementary motor area as well as in the right anterior insula during effort avoidance and tasks that integrate motor costs and reward benefits in effort-based decision making. Our results add important knowledge toward understanding mechanistic associations underlying complex sedentary behaviors.

scholarly journals Are Category Labels Primary? Children Use Similarities to Reason About Social Groups

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ashley Jordan ◽  
Yarrow Dunham
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Structure Study ◽  
Group Representations ◽  
Common Assumption ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Coalitional Structure ◽  
Category Labels ◽  
Types Of Information ◽  
Social Inferences

While interpersonal similarities impact young children’s peer judgments, little work has assessed whether they also guide group-based reasoning. A common assumption has been that category labels rather than “mere” similarities are unique constituents of such reasoning; the present work challenges this. Children (ages 3–9) viewed groups defined by category labels or shared preferences, and their social inferences were assessed. By age 5, children used both types of information to license predictions about preferences (Study 1, n = 129) and richer forms of coalitional structure (Study 2, n = 205). Low-level explanations could not account for this pattern (Study 3, n = 72). Finally, older but not younger children privileged labeled categories when they were pitted against similarity (Study 4, n = 51). These studies show that young children use shared preferences to reason about relationships and coalitional structure, suggesting that similarities are central to the emergence of group representations.

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