scholarly journals Impact of COVID-19-related disruptions to measles, meningococcal A, and yellow fever vaccination in 10 countries

eLife ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katy A M Gaythorpe ◽  
Kaja Abbas ◽  
John Huber ◽  
Andromachi Karachaliou ◽  
Niket Thakkar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Yellow Fever ◽  
Health Impact ◽  
Vaccination Programs ◽  
Preventive Vaccination ◽  
Catch Up ◽  
Yellow Fever Vaccination ◽  
Gates Foundation ◽  
Measles Outbreaks ◽  
Vaccination Campaigns ◽  
The Impact

Background: Childhood immunisation services have been disrupted by COVID-19. WHO recommends considering outbreak risk using epidemiological criteria when deciding whether to conduct preventive vaccination campaigns during the pandemic. Methods: We used 2-3 models per infection to estimate the health impact of 50% reduced routine vaccination coverage and delaying campaign vaccination for measles, meningococcal A and yellow fever vaccination in 3-6 high burden countries per infection. Results: Reduced routine coverage in 2020 without catch-up vaccination may increase measles and yellow fever disease burden in the modelled countries. Delaying planned campaigns may lead to measles outbreaks and increases in yellow fever burden in some countries. For meningococcal A vaccination, short term disruptions in 2020 are unlikely to have a significant impact. Conclusion: The impact of COVID-19-related disruption to vaccination programs varies between infections and countries. Funding: Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation and Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance.

scholarly journals Impact of COVID-19-related disruptions to measles, meningococcal A, and yellow fever vaccination in 10 countries

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katy Gaythorpe ◽  
Kaja Abbas ◽  
John Huber ◽  
Andromachi Karachaliou ◽  
Niket Thakkar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Yellow Fever ◽  
Health Impact ◽  
Vaccination Programs ◽  
Preventive Vaccination ◽  
Catch Up ◽  
Yellow Fever Vaccination ◽  
Gates Foundation ◽  
Measles Outbreaks ◽  
Vaccination Campaigns ◽  
The Impact

AbstractBackgroundChildhood immunisation services have been disrupted by COVID-19. WHO recommends considering outbreak risk using epidemiological criteria when deciding whether to conduct preventive vaccination campaigns during the pandemic.MethodsWe used 2-3 models per infection to estimate the health impact of 50% reduced routine vaccination coverage and delaying campaign vaccination for measles, meningococcal A and yellow fever vaccination in 3-6 high burden countries per infection.ResultsReduced routine coverage in 2020 without catch-up vaccination may increase measles and yellow fever disease burden in the modelled countries. Delaying planned campaigns may lead to measles outbreaks and increases in yellow fever burden in some countries. For meningococcal A vaccination, short term disruptions in 2020 are unlikely to have a significant impact.ConclusionThe impact of COVID-19-related disruption to vaccination programs varies between infections and countries.FundingBill & Melinda Gates Foundation and Gavi, the Vaccine AllianceImpact statementRoutine and campaign vaccination disruption in 2020 may lead to measles outbreaks and yellow fever burden increases in some countries, but is unlikely to greatly increase meningococcal A burden.

Case Report: Fatal Viscerotropic Disease in a Young Woman Following Yellow Fever Vaccination

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariângela Ottoboni Brunaldi ◽  
René Julias Costa Silva ◽  
Alexandre Todorovic Fabro ◽  
Daniel Cardoso de Almeida e Araujo ◽  
Anibal Basile-Filho ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Case Report ◽  
Adverse Events ◽  
Young Woman ◽  
Yellow Fever ◽  
Hepatic Impairment ◽  
Hemorrhagic Disease ◽  
Severe Hepatic Impairment ◽  
Serious Adverse Events ◽  
Yellow Fever Vaccination ◽  
The Impact

Yellow fever is a viral hemorrhagic disease, and vaccination is the most effective way to minimize the impact of the disease. Serious adverse events after yellow fever vaccination are rare. We report the case of a young woman with an unusual presentation of yellow fever 17DD vaccine-associated acute viscerotropic disease, with severe hepatic impairment following a long incubation period. She died more than a month after yellow fever vaccination.

Adverse events following yellow fever preventive vaccination campaigns in eight African countries from 2007 to 2010

Vaccine ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 31 (14) ◽  
pp. 1819-1829 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.G. Breugelmans ◽  
R.F. Lewis ◽  
E. Agbenu ◽  
O. Veit ◽  
D. Jackson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Events ◽  
Yellow Fever ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Preventive Vaccination ◽  
Vaccination Campaigns

scholarly journals COVID-19 and Vaccination Campaigns as “Western Plots” in Pakistan: Government Policies, (Geo-)politics, Local Perceptions, and Beliefs

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Inayat Ali ◽  
Salma Sadique ◽  
Shahbaz Ali
Keyword(s):  
Routine Vaccination ◽  
Cultural Economic ◽  
Vaccination Programs ◽  
Vaccine Preventable Diseases ◽  
Multiple Context ◽  
Supplementary Immunization Activities ◽  
The Government ◽  
Context Specific ◽  
Vaccination Campaigns ◽  
The Impact

Vaccination encounters multiple context-specific challenges—socio-cultural, economic, and political—that substantially affect its uptake. Likewise, natural disasters and health emergencies considerably impact immunization endeavors, such as the coronaviurs 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic that has overwhelmed the entire world. It was already anticipated that the pandemic would severely affect Pakistan's vaccination programs due to interruptions in routine vaccination and the overstretching of healthcare systems. Consequently, there are anticipations of outbreaks of other vaccine-preventable diseases (VPDs). Yet empirical evidence is missing. Drawing on qualitative research, this article focuses on the impact of COVID-19 on routine vaccination programs in Pakistan. Our data come from a small village located in Pakistan's Sindh province where local people refused the routine polio vaccine that was stopped for a while, then resumed in July 2020. They suspected both the vaccine and COVID-19 to be a “Western plot.” We argue that these perceptions and practices can be seen against the backdrop of economic, socio-cultural, and (geo)political forces, which are encoded in “societal memory.” Not only is there a need to reverse the significant impacts of COVID-19 on routine vaccination by arranging supplementary immunization activities (SIAs), but also the government must deal with other pressing issues that affect the vaccination programs in the country.

scholarly journals Secondary impacts of COVID-19: Risk of vaccination reduction and global resurgence of measles

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tasmiah Nuzhath ◽  
Md Mahbub Hossain
Keyword(s):  
Physical Distance ◽  
World Health ◽  
External Shocks ◽  
Immunization Programs ◽  
Vaccination Programs ◽  
Immunization Services ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Measles Outbreaks ◽  
Vaccination Campaigns ◽  
The Postponement

The World Health Organization temporarily suspended all mass vaccination campaigns to control the pandemic spread of COVID-19 and the national lockdown across the countries has resulted in the postponement of routine immunization programs following the recommendations of maintaining physical distance. Any disruption of immunization services, even for short duration will result in an increased likelihood of vaccine preventable disease such as measles outbreaks. Amidst ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, it is therefore, essential to prevent these challenges through effective policymaking and strategic planning. Such measures should not only aim to recover the gaps in national and regional immunization goals but also emphasize on building health systems resiliency to external shocks that may affect vaccination programs across context.

scholarly journals Use of MAC-ELISA for evaluation of yellow fever vaccination

1992 ◽  
Vol 34 (5) ◽  
pp. 447-450 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rita M. Ribeiro Nogueira ◽  
Hermann G. Schatzmayr ◽  
Marize P. Miagostovich ◽  
Silvia M. B. Cavalcanti ◽  
Ricardo de Carvalho
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Yellow Fever ◽  
Vaccination Programs ◽  
Igm Antibody ◽  
Human Sera ◽  
Yellow Fever Vaccination

An evaluation of the IgM antibody immune response against yellow fever using strain 17D was carried out by MAC-ELISA and PRNT. The results showed an agreement of 97% between both tests and the authors conclude that MAC-ELISA can be used as a specific and sensitive asssay to replace the PRNT for detecting yellow fever antibodies in human sera, after vaccination programs.

scholarly journals The impact of reactive mass vaccination campaigns on measles outbreaks in the Katanga region, Democratic Republic of Congo

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sebastian Funk ◽  
Saki Takahashi ◽  
Joel Hellewell ◽  
Kartini Gadroen ◽  
Isidro Carrion-Martin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vaccination Coverage ◽  
Democratic Republic ◽  
Democratic Republic Of Congo ◽  
Vaccination Campaign ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Mass Vaccination ◽  
Republic Of Congo ◽  
Measles Outbreaks ◽  
Vaccination Campaigns ◽  
The Impact

AbstractThe Katanga region in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) has been struck by repeated epidemics of measles, with large outbreaks occurring in 2010–13 and 2015. In many of the affected health zones, reactive mass vaccination campaigns were conducted in response to the outbreaks. Here, we attempted to determine how effective the vaccination campaigns in 2015 were in curtailing the ongoing outbreak. We further sought to establish whether the risk of large measles outbreaks in different health zones could have been determined in advance to help prioritise areas for vaccination campaign and speed up the response. In doing so, we first attempted to identify factors that could have been used in 2015 to predict in which health zones the greatest outbreaks would occur. Administrative vaccination coverage was not a good predictor of the size of outbreaks in different health zones. Vaccination coverage derived from surveys, on the other hand, appeared to give more reliable estimates of health zones of low vaccination coverage and, consequently, large outbreaks. On a coarser geographical scale, the provinces most affected in 2015 could be predicted from the outbreak sizes in 2010–13. This, combined with the fact that the vast majority of reported cases were in under-5 year olds, would suggest that there are systematic issues of undervaccination. If this was to continue, outbreaks would be expected to continue to occur in the affected health zones at regular intervals, mostly concentrated in under-5 year olds. We further used a model of measles transmission to estimate the impact of the vaccination campaigns, by first fitting a model to the data including the campaigns and then re-running this without vaccination. We estimated the reactive campaigns to have reduced the size of the overall outbreak by approximately 21,000 (IQR: 16,000–27,000; 95% CI: 8300–38,000) cases. There was considerable heterogeneity in the impact of campaigns, with campaigns started earlier after the start of an outbreak being more impactful. Taken together, these findings suggest that while a strong routine vaccination regime remains the most effective means of measles control, it might be possible to improve the effectiveness of reactive campaigns by considering predictive factors to trigger a more targeted vaccination response.

scholarly journals The global burden of yellow fever

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katy A. M. Gaythorpe ◽  
Arran T. P. Hamlet ◽  
Kevin Jean ◽  
Daniel Garkauskas Ramos ◽  
Laurence Cibrelus ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Yellow Fever ◽  
Mass Vaccination ◽  
Global Burden ◽  
Short Supply ◽  
Tropical Regions ◽  
Force Of Infection ◽  
Viral Haemorrhagic Fever ◽  
Vaccination Campaigns ◽  
The Impact

AbstractBackgroundYellow fever (YF) is a viral haemorrhagic fever endemic in tropical regions of Africa and South America. Current intervention policies, namely the Eliminate Yellow fever Epidemics (EYE) strategy are actioned through vaccination. However, the stockpiles and production mean that vaccination can be in short supply. As such, intervention strategies need to be optimised; one of the tools for doing this is mathematical modelling.MethodsWe fit a generalised linear model of YF reports to occurrence data available from 1987 to 2019 in Africa and South America and available serology survey data to estimate the force of infection across the continents. Then, using demographic and vaccination data, we examine the impact of interventions.FindingsWe estimate that in 2018 there were approximately 51,000 (95%CrI [31,000 - 82,000]) deaths due to YF in Africa and South America. When we examine the impact of mass vaccination campaigns in Africa, these amount to approximately 10,000 (95%CrI [6,000 - 17,000]) deaths averted in 2018 due to mass vaccination activities in Africa; this corresponds to a 47% reduction (95%CrI [10% - 77%]).InterpretationWe find that the majority, 92% (95%CrI [89% - 95%]), of global burden occurs in Africa and that mass vaccination activities have significantly reduced the current deaths per year due to YF. This methodology allows us to evaluate the effectiveness of vaccination campaigns past, present and future and illustrates the need for continued vigilance and surveillance of YF.FundingBMGF and MRC

scholarly journals Assessing the impact of preventive mass vaccination campaigns on yellow fever outbreaks in Africa : a population-level self-controlled case-series study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin Jean ◽  
Hanaya Raad ◽  
Katy A. M. Gaythorpe ◽  
Arran Hamlet ◽  
Judith E. Mueller ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Yellow Fever ◽  
Case Series ◽  
Public Health Intervention ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Mass Vaccination ◽  
Sensitivity Analyses ◽  
Endemic Region ◽  
Case Series Study ◽  
Vaccination Campaigns ◽  
The Impact

Introduction: The Eliminate Yellow fever Epidemics (EYE) strategy was launched in 2017 in response to the resurgence of yellow fever in Africa and the Americas. The strategy relies on several vaccination activities, including preventive mass vaccination campaigns (PMVCs). However, by how much PMVCs decrease the risk of outbreak to occur has not yet been quantified. Methods: We used the self-controlled case series (SCCS) method to assess the association between the occurrence of yellow fever outbreaks and the implementation of PMVCs at the province level in the African endemic region. As all time-invariant confounders are implicitly controlled for, the SCCS method is an alternative to classical cohort or case-control study designs when the risk of residual confounding is high. The location and dates of outbreaks were identified from international epidemiological records, and information on PMVCs was provided by coordinators of vaccination activities and international funders. The study sample consisted of provinces that were both affected by an outbreak and targeted for a PMVC between 2005 and 2018. We compared the relative incidence of outbreaks before and after the implementation of a PMVC. The sensitivity of our estimates to a range of assumptions was explored, and the results of the SCCS method were compared to those obtained through a retrospective cohort study design. We further derived the number of yellow fever outbreaks that have been prevented by PMVCs. Results: The study sample consisted of 33 African provinces. Among these, outbreaks occurred during the pre-PMVC period in 26 (78.8%) provinces versus 7 (21.2%) occurring in the post-PMVC period. This corresponded to a significantly reduced incidence rate ratio of 0.14 (95% Confidence interval 0.06 to 0.34) for the post-PMVC versus pre-PMVC period. This estimate was robust across a range of sensitivity analyses, while the results of the cohort-style analyses were highly sensitive to the choice of covariates included in the model. Based on the SCCS results, we estimated that PMVCs have reduced the number of outbreaks by 34% (22% to 45%) in Africa over the study period. Conclusion: Our estimates provide new empirical evidence of the high preventive impact of PMVCs on yellow fever outbreaks. This study illustrates that the SCCS method can be advantageously applied at the population level in order to evaluate a public health intervention.

Successful Control of Streptococcus pneumoniae 19A Replacement With a Catch-up Primary Vaccination Program in Taiwan

2019 ◽  
Vol 69 (9) ◽  
pp. 1581-1587 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chun-Yi Lu ◽  
Chuen-Sheue Chiang ◽  
Cheng-Hsun Chiu ◽  
En-Tzu Wang ◽  
Ying-Yan Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Streptococcus Pneumoniae ◽  
Incidence Rate ◽  
Primary Vaccination ◽  
Vaccination Schedule ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Vaccination Programs ◽  
Catch Up ◽  
Rate Ratios ◽  
National Programs ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background Streptococcus pneumoniae infections in Taiwan mostly occur in children aged 2–4 years. Because of a significant increase in the incidence of serotype 19A-related infections, the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) was initially introduced in the national immunization program for children 2–5 years of age, prior to the national programs for infants. We have assessed the impact of such vaccination programs in reducing the incidence of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) in Taiwanese children. Methods We analyzed the national data on IPDs from the Taiwan Centers for Disease Control between 2008 and 2017. We calculated the incidence rates of IPD and incidence rate ratios (IRRs) between years for different serotypes to estimate the effectiveness of the vaccination programs. Results The national catch-up primary vaccination schedule successfully reduced the incidence rate of IPD from 17.8/100 000 in 2012 to 5.5/100 000 in 2017 among children aged 0–5 years. The IRR (2017 over 2012) was 0.31, corresponding to a 69% reduction. A modest herd effect was also observed, with a 37% reduction in the incidence of IPD in elderly people (≥70 years) from 2012 to 2017. The incidence of IPD caused by serotype 19A in children aged 0–5 years was reduced by 32.6–44.3% yearly from 2012 to 2017. In 2015, serogroup 15 outnumbered 19A, to become the leading serotypes in children 0–5 years old. Conclusions Special catch-up vaccination programs starting from children 2–5 years of age with PCV13 have been highly effective in reducing the incidence of IPD, especially as caused by serotype 19A, in Taiwanese children.

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