scholarly journals COVID-19 and Vaccination Campaigns as “Western Plots” in Pakistan: Government Policies, (Geo-)politics, Local Perceptions, and Beliefs

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Inayat Ali ◽  
Salma Sadique ◽  
Shahbaz Ali
Keyword(s):  
Routine Vaccination ◽  
Cultural Economic ◽  
Vaccination Programs ◽  
Vaccine Preventable Diseases ◽  
Multiple Context ◽  
Supplementary Immunization Activities ◽  
The Government ◽  
Context Specific ◽  
Vaccination Campaigns ◽  
The Impact

Vaccination encounters multiple context-specific challenges—socio-cultural, economic, and political—that substantially affect its uptake. Likewise, natural disasters and health emergencies considerably impact immunization endeavors, such as the coronaviurs 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic that has overwhelmed the entire world. It was already anticipated that the pandemic would severely affect Pakistan's vaccination programs due to interruptions in routine vaccination and the overstretching of healthcare systems. Consequently, there are anticipations of outbreaks of other vaccine-preventable diseases (VPDs). Yet empirical evidence is missing. Drawing on qualitative research, this article focuses on the impact of COVID-19 on routine vaccination programs in Pakistan. Our data come from a small village located in Pakistan's Sindh province where local people refused the routine polio vaccine that was stopped for a while, then resumed in July 2020. They suspected both the vaccine and COVID-19 to be a “Western plot.” We argue that these perceptions and practices can be seen against the backdrop of economic, socio-cultural, and (geo)political forces, which are encoded in “societal memory.” Not only is there a need to reverse the significant impacts of COVID-19 on routine vaccination by arranging supplementary immunization activities (SIAs), but also the government must deal with other pressing issues that affect the vaccination programs in the country.

scholarly journals Millions of Bangladeshi Children Missed Their Scheduled Vaccination Amidst COVID-19 Pandemic

2022 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sayed Manzoor Ahmed Hanifi ◽  
Nujhat Jahan ◽  
Nazia Sultana ◽  
Sharif-Al Hasan ◽  
Ashish Paul ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Movement Control ◽  
Routine Vaccination ◽  
Vaccine Preventable Diseases ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
The Government ◽  
Two Phases ◽  
Control Order ◽  
Expanded Program On Immunization ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Depth Interviews

The Government of Bangladesh imposed a movement control order as a mass quarantine strategy to control the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Adherence to the home quarantine may put children at risk by missing routine vaccination. In this study, we investigated the impact of COVID-19 on child routine immunization in a rural area of Bangladesh and consider the broader implications. Data for this study comes from the Chakaria Health and Demographic Surveillance System (HDSS) of icddr,b with a population of 90,000 people residing in 16,000 households in 49 villages in a rural, coastal area of Southeast Bangladesh. We used an explanatory sequential mixed methods design which involved two phases between March 1, 2020, and May 31, 2020: first, we observed 258 outreach sessions of 86 EPI centers. We calculated the number of Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI) outreach sessions suspended and the number of children who missed their routine vaccination due to the COVID-19. We extrapolated the number of Bangladeshi children who missed their routine vaccination using Chakaria HDSS observations. Secondly, we conducted in-depth interviews to explain the quantitative results. The EPI outreach session (EOS) declined to 74.42% (95% CI 63.97–83.22), 10.45% (95% CI 5.00–18.94), and 3.45% (95% CI 1.00–9.75) from 2019 levels in March, April, and May 2020, respectively. By extrapolation, in Bangladesh, between March and May 2020, 3.2 million children missed their scheduled vaccination compared to 2019. Results from in-depth interviews showed that the unwillingness of villagers to hold EOS and the absenteeism of the vaccinators due to social distancing recommendations and lack of personal safety measures were the main reasons for the discontinuation of the EOS. Resuming EPI outreach sessions and introducing a special catch-up program is essential to prevent future outbreaks and deaths due to vaccine-preventable diseases in Bangladesh and the countries where children missed their routine vaccination due to COVID-19. This health system failure should be considered a factor in all future pandemic preparedness plans.

Effect of COVID-19 on vaccination coverage in Brazil

2021 ◽  
Vol 70 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcelle Moura Silveira ◽  
Neida Lucia Conrad ◽  
Fábio Pereira Leivas Leite
Keyword(s):  
Vaccination Coverage ◽  
Physical Distance ◽  
Disease Notification ◽  
Notification System ◽  
Vaccination Programs ◽  
Vaccine Preventable Diseases ◽  
Antigen Vaccine ◽  
Restricted Mobility ◽  
Consistent Information ◽  
The Impact

During the COVID-19 pandemic, recommendations for maintaining physical distance, restricted mobility measures, as well as fear of mass transmission by going to health centers have significantly contributed to the general vaccination coverage, which by and large is decreasing worldwide; thus, favoring the potential re-emergence of vaccine-preventable diseases. In this study, we have used the existing data on vaccination coverage during the pre-pandemic (2019) as well as the pandemic (2020) period to evaluate the impact of coronavirus outbreaks during the vaccination drive in Brazil. Furthermore, we have accumulated data since 2015 among the different regions of the country to acquire more consistent information. The various vaccines analyzed in our study were meningococcal C conjugate, Triple antigen vaccine, 10-valent pneumococcal conjugate, and BCG; subsequently, the data were obtained from the National Disease Notification System. This study revealed that the ongoing immunization drive saw a steep decline of around 10 to 20% during the (2019–2020) pandemic period in Brazil. These results provide strong evidence towards the decreasing trends following the vaccination programs during the COVID-19 pandemic period in Brazil. Furthermore, our results also highlight the importance of adopting widespread multi-component interventions to improve vaccination uptake rates.

scholarly journals Impact of COVID-19-related disruptions to measles, meningococcal A, and yellow fever vaccination in 10 countries

eLife ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katy A M Gaythorpe ◽  
Kaja Abbas ◽  
John Huber ◽  
Andromachi Karachaliou ◽  
Niket Thakkar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Yellow Fever ◽  
Health Impact ◽  
Vaccination Programs ◽  
Preventive Vaccination ◽  
Catch Up ◽  
Yellow Fever Vaccination ◽  
Gates Foundation ◽  
Measles Outbreaks ◽  
Vaccination Campaigns ◽  
The Impact

Background: Childhood immunisation services have been disrupted by COVID-19. WHO recommends considering outbreak risk using epidemiological criteria when deciding whether to conduct preventive vaccination campaigns during the pandemic. Methods: We used 2-3 models per infection to estimate the health impact of 50% reduced routine vaccination coverage and delaying campaign vaccination for measles, meningococcal A and yellow fever vaccination in 3-6 high burden countries per infection. Results: Reduced routine coverage in 2020 without catch-up vaccination may increase measles and yellow fever disease burden in the modelled countries. Delaying planned campaigns may lead to measles outbreaks and increases in yellow fever burden in some countries. For meningococcal A vaccination, short term disruptions in 2020 are unlikely to have a significant impact. Conclusion: The impact of COVID-19-related disruption to vaccination programs varies between infections and countries. Funding: Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation and Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance.

scholarly journals Effectiveness of Mandatory and Incentive-Based Routine Childhood Immunization Programs in Europe: A Systematic Review of the Literature

Vaccines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 1173
Author(s):  
Lidia Kuznetsova ◽  
Giorgio Cortassa ◽  
Antoni Trilla
Keyword(s):  
Vaccine Coverage ◽  
Childhood Vaccination ◽  
World Health ◽  
Childhood Immunization ◽  
Vaccination Programs ◽  
Vaccine Preventable Diseases ◽  
Routine Childhood ◽  
Vaccine Mandates ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
The Impact

There is a lack of comprehensive and systematic data and evidence regarding the effectiveness of mandatory and incentive-based vaccination schemes. The results of such programs in some countries have not been adequately studied. A number of countries have recently introduced tightening vaccination measures, and it is important to analyze and assess the results of these programs. The unprecedented situation due to the COVID-19 pandemic and mass vaccination made the topic of the effectiveness of vaccination policies and mandates even more relevant. The aim of the study is to assess childhood vaccination programs implemented in selected countries. The study focuses on initiatives implemented in the European Region of the World Health Organization (WHO). A total of 466 full-text articles were assessed for eligibility, and 26 articles on seven countries were included in the synthesis. Additionally, we obtained and performed an analysis of data on the impact of COVID-19 on vaccine coverage and incidence of vaccine-preventable diseases, and the implementation of vaccine mandates in the selected countries. The evidence collected and analyzed in this review allowed us to conclude that the introduction of children routine vaccination mandates increases vaccine coverage and reduces the incidence of vaccine-preventable diseases when compared to the situation before the introduction of the mandates.

PENGARUH INFLASI TERHADAP KESTABILAN DAN EKSISTENSI USAHA EKONOMI MIKRO

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-74
Author(s):  
Erik Bisri Alamsyah ◽  
Kushartono Kushartono ◽  
Yoan Catur Arinsa
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Small Businesses ◽  
Small And Medium Enterprises ◽  
National Development ◽  
Cultural Economic ◽  
National Welfare ◽  
The Government ◽  
Business Entities ◽  
Medium Enterprises ◽  
The Impact

Indonesia, as a developing country, realizes the importance of economic development to create national welfare. This national development covers various aspects of life such as the political, social, cultural, economic and defense and security sectors aimed at meeting the needs of all Indonesian people, whose main objective is towards a just and prosperous Indonesian society.Economic growth is a measure for the success of a country's development, especially in the economic field. A country has an economic growth that has increased continuously every year will promote development in that country. In macroeconomics, the overall economic condition of a country is explained in relation to economic growth. The success of a country's development lies in its economic growth. Therefore, the ups and downs of the economy will certainly affect several sectors.In the economy of a country or a region, in fact there are various sectors that show the level of economic growth, namely the formal and informal sectors. In the informal sector, generally small businesses with limited capital, scope and development and received very little official protection from the government. There are also many informal sectors that can be appointed as an activity or job to generate income in a community, one of which is establishing their own business or by establishing micro, small and medium enterprises (MSMEs). Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises are the business groups that have the largest number. The micro, small and medium enterprises are regulated based on Law Number 20 of 2008 concerning UMKM Article 1 number 1 what is meant by Micro Enterprises are productive businesses owned by individuals or individuals and / or individual business entities.2 Micro Economic Businesses are businesses that have the potential to be affected by the impact of there is an economic phenomenon, namely inflation.Keywords: UMKM; National development; National Economy.

scholarly journals Autoriti Kerajaan Dalam Mewajibkan Vaksinasi Kanak-kanak: Kajian Menurut Perspektif Hukum Islam (Authority of the Government to Enforce Child Vaccination: A Study from the Islamic Ruling Perspective)

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 21-35
Author(s):  
Mohd Anuar Ramli ◽  
Tengku Fatimah Azzahra Tengku Md Fauzi ◽  
Noor Fahimah Mohd Razif
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Government Policy ◽  
Qualitative Approach ◽  
Vaccination Programs ◽  
Vaccine Preventable Diseases ◽  
Vaccine Injection ◽  
Mandatory Requirement ◽  
The Government ◽  
Child Vaccination

Public health is the main priority of the government policy. In line with this, various efforts have been undertaken to improve the health of the community, including vaccination programs, explicitly the injection of vaccines, specifically immunization among children. This is due to the transmission of various types of diseases that risks the survival of children. However, there are parents who reject giving the vaccine to their children based on claims of non-halal vaccine sources and the adverse events following immunization. They deny the importance of vaccines by choosing alternative treatments that are said to be better and safer. Since the vaccine injection is not a mandatory requirement by the government, they feel entitled to reject the vaccine injection by choice. As a result of the vaccine rejection, some previously reduced vaccine-preventable diseases are on the increase in Malaysia. Therefore, this literature review, based on the qualitative approach, discusses the polemics of vaccines and governmental authorities in enforcing a policy from an Islamic ruling perspective. Findings of this study indicate that based on the principle of maslahah in Islam, it is permissible for the government to devise vaccination as a compulsory requirement for the citizens. Thus, the government can enforce mandatory vaccinations so that parents will allow their children to be vaccinated. The effects of not vaccinating children are not on the children only; they also pose risks to the community at large.

scholarly journals Glimpse on the Second wave of COVID-19: A Situational Analysis of Bangladesh

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 273-286
Author(s):  
Rawnaq Ara Parvin ◽  
Aminul Hoque Tushar ◽  
Firdous Ahmad Malik
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Data ◽  
Personal Health ◽  
Situational Analysis ◽  
Vaccination Programs ◽  
Improve Health Care ◽  
Initial Stage ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Second Wave ◽  
Improve Health

The fatal COVID-19 has engulfed 220 countries globally. Up to 26 May 2021, 7,93,693 confirmed cases and 12458 deaths were reported in Bangladesh, whereas globally it counted 16,74,92,769 cases and 34,82,907 deaths. The beleaguered healthcare system has conducted 58,71,353PCR tests since 8 March 2020 and ranked Bangladesh as 33rd position in world. This paper sketched out overall scenario as a narrative including the impact on health system, economics and response from government to tackle the pandemic. It gathered secondary data from sources including journals, newspapers, and government info site to retrieve current information. Although the government took measures such as lockdown, social distancing, quarantine, and isolation from initial stage, misconceptions on vaccination, personal health hygiene, and lack of public responses are retributive to the robust COVID-19 surge. To mitigate the lethal impact of COVID-19, the government needs to expand its vaccination programs and improve health care system.

scholarly journals Covid-19 and Routine Vaccination Programme: Did it Affect Badly?

2021 ◽  
pp. 89-95
Author(s):  
Jaigam Abbas ◽  
Ashvani Kumar ◽  
Mohammad Saif ◽  
Rishabh Malhotra ◽  
Mohammad Arif Hussain
Keyword(s):  
Care Delivery ◽  
Routine Immunization ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Vaccine Preventable Diseases ◽  
Immunization Services ◽  
Baby Clinic ◽  
Domains Of Life ◽  
The Government ◽  
Health Care Delivery Systems ◽  
The Impact

Background: The impact of COVID-19 on general health care delivery systems has been huge including the immunization services. Several measures were taken by most of the government all over the world to prevent the spread of infection such as lockdown, wearing masks, social distancing, etc. People have suffered a lot during the pandemic, not only due to the burden of the disease but have also faced difficulties in other domains of life. One of the important concerns is the interruption of routine immunization services. The consequences of interrupted immunization services may be life-threatening, as chances of outbreaks of vaccine-preventable diseases (VPD) in susceptible children could be high. Aim:  To find out delay in routine immunization services during covid-19 and also to determine the factors associated with delay in immunization. Materials and Methods: This study was a cross-sectional hospital-based observational study at Career Institute Of Medical Sciences And Hospital, Lucknow, India. We collected the vaccination record after lockdown from Well-Baby Clinic and telephonically from the parents, starting from 1st June 2020 till 31st December 2020. We checked the records of vaccination of infants to find out delay in the vaccinations, as per the National Immunization Schedule. The records of a total of 265 infants were enrolled. Out of which, 33 did not fit the inclusion criteria and therefore were excluded from this study. Results: Findings of our study pointed that there was significant delay in routine immunization among infants. The factors responsible for delay in different vaccination observed in this study were, Phobia of COVID-19- 20%, lockdown- 22%, interruption of routine health services-15%, social myths-8%, poor transport facility- 10%, illness of child- 8%, did not notice- 3% and multiple factors- 13%. Conclusion: COVID -19 pandemic has affected the routine immunization services that results in delay of different vaccines at different ages which may lead to outbreak of vaccine preventable diseases, so it is need of the hour to intervene at the earliest to prevent such outbreaks among children.

Chinese Grassroots Nationalism and Its Impact on Foreign Brands

2012 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 181-192 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhihong Gao
Keyword(s):  
Policy Making ◽  
The Political ◽  
Complex Phenomenon ◽  
Cultural Economic ◽  
Consumer Rights ◽  
The Media ◽  
The Government ◽  
Local Companies ◽  
Foreign Brands ◽  
The Impact

A complex phenomenon, nationalism has surged worldwide in recent years and presents a serious challenge to international marketers. This article examines the impact of Chinese grassroots nationalism on foreign brands on four fronts, that is, the political, cultural, economic, and consumer rights. It argues that the four fronts are interlinked and involve the participation of not only the consumer but also the government, the media, and local companies. Thus, the effects of nationalism on foreign brands are largely mediated by these agents and manifest the most in the arena of public policy making.

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