6. Calling The Doctoress Commercial Practice

2019 ◽  
pp. 114-134
Keyword(s):  
Commercial Practice

Structure and Solution Properties of High Molecular Weight Butadiene-Styrene Copolymers

1957 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 315-325
Author(s):  
R. B. MacFarlane ◽  
L. A. McLeod
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
High Molecular Weight ◽  
Complex Structure ◽  
Mixed Solvents ◽  
Solution Time ◽  
Solution Viscosity ◽  
Solution Properties ◽  
Molecular Weight Range ◽  
Viscosity Measurements ◽  
Commercial Practice

Abstract Production of high molecular weight copolymers of butadiene and styrene for use in oil-extended rubbers has aroused interest in the solution properties of copolymers above the molecular weight range commonly encountered in commercial practice. It has been observed that solubility of such polymers in toluene is a time-dependent phenomenon and the apparent solubility can increase continuously, in the absence of agitation, for as long as 800 hours. Although a standard Harris cage solubility test may show the presence of 50% gel, other properties do not confirm the presence of any appreciable quantities of insoluble material. Mild agitation rapidly promotes almost complete solubility. Dilute solution viscosity measurements are very misleading unless the influence of solution time is recognized and apparent intrinsic viscosities rise progressively with time of contact of the sample with solvent. This time-dependence of solution has been found to occur at conversions higher than 50% and is also a function of the amount of modifier used in the polymerization recipe. It has not been possible to shorten the solution time for viscosity measurements by mild heating or gentle agitation. Mixed solvents cause a change in the amount of increase of the apparent intrinsic viscosity but do not shorten the time to equilibrium. Measurement of the slope constant in the Huggins viscosity equation indicate that these solubility and viscosity effects coincide with the appearance of a marked degree of branching in the polymer molecules. The effect is, therefore, interpreted as being caused by the relatively slow disentanglement of molecules of complex structure.

Application of reproductive technology to the Australian livestock industries

1991 ◽  
Vol 3 (6) ◽  
pp. 627 ◽  
Author(s):  
G Evans
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Insemination ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Significant Degree ◽  
Reproductive Technology ◽  
Commercial Application ◽  
Embryo Freezing ◽  
Commercial Practice ◽  
Breeding Programmes ◽  
The Impact

Current use of reproductive technology in the Australian livestock industries is limited, though it increased in line with higher prices for beef and wool through the 1980s. The required techniques, many of which were developed in Australia, are available and the level of expertise is comparable to the best in the world. However, the extensive pastoral industries do not readily lend themselves to these procedures. Only in the dairy industry is artificial insemination used to a significant degree. On the other hand, application of the technology in the pastoral industries is confined largely to studs and breeding cooperatives which provide breeding animals for producer flocks and herds. Hence the impact of applied technology may be more widespread than first appears. Until recently, little regard was paid to application of the technology along sound breeding principles. Artificial insemination and multiple ovulation and embryo transfer (MOET) have not been used so much in planned breeding programmes aimed at local improvement of stock, but more to proliferate genes of reputedly superior stock, imported either from overseas or elsewhere in Australia. This is particularly true of MOET, where the incentive to use it is commonly a short term cash gain made from proliferating breeding stock of a particularly valuable and usually novel strain or breed. Recent technological improvements which render the use of reproductive technology cheaper and more effective will lead to its more widespread use in commercial practice. Techniques for embryo freezing and splitting have been greatly simplified and quickly put into practice. The novel livestock technologies of in vitro oocyte maturation and fertilization have already found commercial application overseas. Fecundity-enhancing products have also been adopted by the livestock industries. There is potential value for greater use of reproductive technology in the livestock industries provided it is implemented according to sound breeding principles and provided associated management practices are applied simultaneously.

Deploying Co-modelling in Commercial Practice

2014 ◽  
pp. 263-271
Author(s):  
Sune Wolff ◽  
Peter Gorm Larsen ◽  
Marcel Verhoef
Keyword(s):  
Commercial Practice

Steam distillation of taints from cream: VIII. Effect of fat content of dairy product on deodorization process

1959 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 113-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. H. McDowall
Keyword(s):  
Distribution Ratio ◽  
Steam Distillation ◽  
Dairy Product ◽  
Skim Milk ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
Threshold Concentration ◽  
Unit Weight ◽  
High Fat ◽  
Liquid Equilibrium ◽  
Commercial Practice

1. In commercial practice dairy liquids of fat contents ranging from 3 to 90% are subjected to deodorization by steam distillation treatment.2. Increase in fat test of cream causes a rise in the vapour/liquid equilibrium coefficient for tainting substances of low butterfat/skim-milk distribution ratio, and a fall for substances of high-distribution ratio, in cream.3. Increase in fat content of cream reduces the amount of tainting substance in the cream per unit weight of butterfat in the cream, for substances of all butterfat/skim-milk distribution ratios.4. Separation of milk to cream of a high fat content greatly facilitates the elimination of substances of low butterfat/skim-milk distribution ratio from the cream and butter.5. Variation in temperature of separation, by its effect on the distribution ratio for tainting substances, could affect the content of these substances in the final cream, and could possibly cause a change in the character of the cream.6. In the partition of tainting substance between butter and buttermilk in the churning process, fat content of cream affects the proportion of residual taint passing from the treated cream into the butter.7. It is pointed out that, because of the effect of salt in increasing the vapour/liquid equilibrium coefficient of some steam volatile substances, the threshold concentration for a tainting substance in butter can be expected to vary with variation in the rate of salting of the butter.

Graphic Satire and the Printed Image in Shakespeare’s London

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helen Pierce
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Cross Section ◽  
Commercial Practice ◽  
Graphic Satire ◽  
Single Sheet ◽  
The Common ◽  
Broad Cross Section ◽  
Print Market

How was the multiplied, printed image encountered in Shakespeare’s London? This chapter examines a range of genres and themes for single sheet, illustrated broadsides in an emerging, specialist print market. It discusses how such images were used to persuade and to entertain a potentially broad cross-section of society along moral, political and religious lines, and according to both topical and commercial interests. The mimetic nature of the English print in both engraved and woodcut form is highlighted, with its frequent adaptation of continental models to suit more local concerns. Consideration is also given to the survival of certain images in later seventeenth-century impressions, indicative of popularity and the common commercial practice of reprinting stock from aging plates and blocks, and the sporadic nature of censorship upon the illustrated broadside.

scholarly journals The Microbiological Effects of Procedures Used in Commercial Practice for Cleaning Mechanical Tenderizing Equipment Used With Beef

2014 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 105 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. K. Youssef ◽  
M. D. Klassen ◽  
C. O. Gill
Keyword(s):  
Retail Store ◽  
Common Type ◽  
Aerobic Bacteria ◽  
Commercial Practice ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Cleaning Procedures ◽  
Routine Cleaning ◽  
Facility Staff

<p>The microbiological effects of routine cleaning of a common type of blade tenderizing equipment (Ross TC700MC) used with beef at a retail store meat fabrication facility were investigated. Swab samples were obtained from various parts of the equipment before and after its use on each of 5 days, with 17 samples being obtained on each occasion. The median numbers of aerobes recovered before or after use each day were mostly not significantly different (P &gt; 0.05) and &gt; 3.5 log cfu/sample. Enterobacteriaceae and coliforms were recovered after use each day at total numbers of 2.5 – 4.2 and 2.4 – 3.2 log cfu, respectively; and sometimes before use at total numbers of 1.7 – 3.9 and 0.7 – 2.1 log cfu, respectively. With more careful performance of cleaning procedures by facility staff and storing in a chiller, the numbers of aerobes recovered from the tenderizer before use were 3 log units less than the numbers found on the used equipment, and Enterobacteriaceae and coliforms were not recovered. Studies at a laboratory with a tenderizer used with beef cuts showed that cleaning was equally effective for reducing numbers of aerobic bacteria by ? 3 log units when carried out using water of 90 °C or 55 °C; and that drying of equipment was necessary to prevent growth of Enterobacteriaceae and coliforms on cleaned equipment not stored at chiller temperatures.</p>

scholarly journals Calcined Clay Improves Germination of Arid Plant Species

2013 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 89-93
Author(s):  
Taun Beddes ◽  
Richard Anderson ◽  
Ricardo Ramirez
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
Water Conservation ◽  
Urban Landscapes ◽  
Native Plant ◽  
Calcined Clay ◽  
Native Plant Species ◽  
Commercial Practice ◽  
Percent Germination ◽  
The Common ◽  
Water Holding

Water conservation efforts in urban landscapes have increased the need for water-wise-plants. A potential source includes multiple native, drought-adapted species. A lack of researched propagation protocols makes commercial production of many species difficult. We examined germination of three native plant species (Purshia stansburiana, Cercocarpus ledifolius, and Forestiera pubescens) in three substrates. Both P. stansburiana and C. ledifolius are endemic to semiarid areas. Forestiera pubescens is found in riparian areas but is drought hardy once established. Stratified seed of each were sown in substrates varying in organic matter (OM) content and water-holding porosity (WHP) characteristics: (1) a commercial germination mix (83% OM); (2) a self-blended combination of a commercial potting soil mixed volumetrically 1:1 with vermiculite (37% OM); and (3) a calcined clay (0% OM). Germination was monitored for 60 days. Percent germination was highest in the calcined clay for each species evaluated (P. stansburiana: 63%, C. ledifolius: 51% and F. pubescens: 83%). These rates were at least 25% greater than the next best medium, the self-blended substrate. The commercial germination blend was the least favorable for germination. These results suggest that the common commercial practice of using germination substrates may not be suited to germinating many species native to arid areas.

scholarly journals Methods of Auxin Application in Cutting Propagation: A Review of 70 Years of Scientific Discovery and Commercial Practice

2007 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 166-185 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eugene K. Blythe ◽  
Jeff L. Sibley ◽  
Ken M. Tilt ◽  
John M. Ruter
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Discovery ◽  
Adventitious Rooting ◽  
Worker Safety ◽  
Stem Cuttings ◽  
Cutting Propagation ◽  
Commercial Practice ◽  
The Past ◽  
Application Techniques ◽  
Application Methods ◽  
Basic And Applied Research

Abstract The discovery of auxins as plant growth regulating chemicals in the 1930s and their ability to stimulate adventitious rooting in stem cuttings marked a major milestone in the modern history of plant propagation. Basic and applied research conducted during the past 70 years has provided information regarding absorption and translocation of auxin in cuttings, as well as the effects of timing of auxin application, methods of auxin application, type of auxin, and concentration of auxin on the rooting response of cuttings. The basal quick-dip method, the powder application method, and the dilute soak method have been the most commonly used methods for applying auxin to cuttings in commercial horticulture over the past 7 decades, with the first two methods still in common use today. In addition, a wide variety of other auxin application methods have been reported beginning in the 1930s and continuing to the present. Some of these methods remain primarily of historical interest, several find limited use in commercial horticulture, and others show potential for greater use in the future. Opportunities exist for further development of auxin application techniques that can enhance plant quality, efficiency and productivity of the cutting propagation process, and worker safety. This review provides horticulturists, from the academic researcher to the commercial propagator, with an exploration of auxin application methods over the past 70 years, along with an examination of the physiological response of cuttings to applied auxin and an overview of issues leading to future opportunities.

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