The Ottoman Empire, the Balkans, and the Great Powers on the Road to Mürzsteg

Blood Ties ◽  
2013 ◽  
pp. 19-47
Author(s):  
İpek Yosmaoğlu
Keyword(s):  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
Great Powers ◽  
The Balkans ◽  
The Road ◽  
On The Road

Wars of Balkan Liberation, 1878–1913

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard C. Hall
Keyword(s):  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Great Powers ◽  
Southeastern Europe ◽  
Declaration Of Independence ◽  
The Balkans ◽  
Balkan Wars ◽  
Balkan Countries ◽  
Young Turks ◽  
National Issue

Revolts against Ottoman rule erupted in the Balkans in 1875 and in 1876. Wars in which Montenegro, Romania, Russia, and Serbia fought against the Ottoman Empire broke out soon thereafter. While the Montenegrins and Serbs soon suffered defeat, the Russians overcame Ottoman forces on Bulgarian battlefields. The Treaty of San Stefano of 3 March 1878, imposed by the Russians on the Ottomans, proved to be controversial. In an effort to resolve the national issue of southeastern Europe and to replace the contentious Treaty of San Stefano, the European great powers met at Berlin to forge a new settlement. The Treaty of Berlin of 13 July 1878 established a Bulgarian principality under Ottoman suzerainty. Although the Treaty of Berlin satisfied none of the Balkan countries, rivalries among the Balkan peoples over the disposition of Ottoman territories prevented the formation of a united effort against the Ottomans. After the turn of the 20th century, intra-Balkan rivalries intensified, especially over Macedonia. At the same time, Albanians, Muslim Slavs, and Turks sought to effect reforms within the Ottoman Empire. The seizure of power by the Committee for Union and Progress (Young Turks) in Constantinople and their stated intentions to reform the Ottoman Empire initiated a series of events that led to general conflict. In the immediate aftermath of the Young Turk coup, the Austro-Hungarian government announced the formal annexation of Bosnia-Herzegovina. Concurrently, Bulgaria made a formal declaration of independence. Concerns that Ottoman reform would thwart their nationalist aspirations led many Albanians to revolt in 1910. Two years later, similar apprehensions led the Bulgarians and the Serbs to put aside their rivalries over Macedonia and conclude an anti-Ottoman alliance. The Greeks and Montenegrins subsequently joined this Balkan League. In October 1912, the Balkan League went to war against the Ottoman Empire. The Balkan armies triumphed on all fronts. On 30 May 1913, the Balkan allies signed a preliminary peace with the Ottomans in London. Shortly thereafter, the Balkan alliance collapsed due to disputes over the disposition of Ottoman territory. On 30 June, the Bulgarians attacked their former Greek and Serbian allies in Macedonia. The Ottomans entered the fray against Bulgaria to regain lost Thracian territory, and the Romanians invaded Bulgaria to seize southern Dobrudja (Dobrudzha). Attacked on all sides, the Bulgarians were forced to sue for peace. These wars left Bulgaria with a sense of national frustration and the Balkan allies and Romania with a feeling of inflated national success. Within three years, all the participants in the Balkan Wars would again be at war.

The Road

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dimitris Dalakoglou
Keyword(s):  
Building Materials ◽  
Geographic Mobility ◽  
Historical Study ◽  
Urban Architecture ◽  
Post Cold War ◽  
The Balkans ◽  
The Road ◽  
Cross Border ◽  
On The Road ◽  
Class Divisions

This book is an ethnographic and historical study of the main Albanian-Greek cross-border highway. It is not merely an ethnography on the road but an anthropology of the road. Complex sociopolitical phenomena such as EU border security, nationalist politics, transnational kinship, social–class divisions, or post–cold war capitalism, political transition, and financial crises in Europe—and more precisely in the Balkans—can be seen as phenomena that are paved in and on the cross-border highway. The highway studied is part of an explicit cultural–material nexus that includes elements such as houses, urban architecture, building materials, or vehicles. Yet even the most physically rooted and fixed of these entities are not static, but have fluid and flowing physical materialities. The highway featured in this book helps us to explore anew classical anthropological and sociological categories of analysis in direct reference to the infrastructure. Categories such as the house, domestic life, the city, kinship, money, boundaries, nationalism, statecraft, geographic mobility, and distance, to name but a few, seem very different when seen from or on the road.

scholarly journals LOCATING THE WALLACHIAN REVOLUTION OF 1848

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-20
Author(s):  
JAMES MORRIS
Keyword(s):  
Political Culture ◽  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
Meeting Point ◽  
The Road ◽  
European Model ◽  
New Interpretation ◽  
On The Road ◽  
Revolution Of 1848 ◽  
European Civilization ◽  
The Revolution

Abstract This article offers a new interpretation of the Wallachian revolution of 1848. It places the revolution in its imperial and European contexts and suggests that the course of the revolution cannot be understood without reference to these spheres. The predominantly agrarian principality faced different but commensurate problems to other European states that experienced revolution in 1848. Revolutionary leaders attempted to create a popular political culture in which all citizens, both urban and rural, could participate. This revolutionary community formed the basis of the government's attempts to enter into relations with its Ottoman suzerain and its Russian protector. Far from attempting to subvert the geopolitical order, this article argues that the Wallachians positioned themselves as loyal subjects of the sultan and saw their revolution as a meeting point between the Ottoman Empire and European civilization. The revolution was not a staging post on the road to Romanian unification, but a brief moment when it seemed possible to realize internal regeneration on a European model within an Ottoman imperial framework. But the Europe of 1848 was too unstable for the revolutionaries to succeed. The passing of this moment would lead some to lose faith in both the Ottoman Empire and Europe.

scholarly journals Crisis and armament economic relations between Great Britain and Serbia 1910-1912

Balcanica ◽  
2005 ◽  
pp. 151-161 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cedomir Antic
Keyword(s):  
Great Britain ◽  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
Great Powers ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
The Balkans ◽  
Military Equipment ◽  
Foreign Office ◽  
Balkan States

On the eve of the 1914-18 war, Great Powers had competed for influence in the Balkans. While preparing for the war with the Ottoman Empire the Balkan states were ready to take huge war credits and to place big orders for weapons and military equipment. Foreign Office did not show any interest in involving British capital and industry in this competition. British diplomacy even discouraged investments in Serbian military programme before 1914.

Bucharest at the Crossroads

PMLA ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 122 (1) ◽  
pp. 275-280
Author(s):  
Roxana Verona
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
The Road ◽  
Standards Of Living ◽  
Majority Population ◽  
On The Road ◽  
Implicitly Measured

When, at the beginning of the twentieth century, bucharest was called “little Paris,” the nickname implicitly measured the distance that Romania had covered on the road to modernization and westernization. The process was slow, because there were huge discrepancies between the efforts of a minority elite pushing for the entrance of the country “into Europe” and the indifference of a majority population with minimal standards of living. Despite important events favorable to the country's development—the union of the Romanian principalities (Moldavia and Walachia) in 1859 and its independence from the Ottoman Empire in 1878—Romania was, for most of the nineteenth century, still a province of the Ottoman Empire.

scholarly journals Great Britain and the consular initiative of the Great Powers in Bosnia-Herzegovina in 1875

Balcanica ◽  
2019 ◽  
pp. 113-129
Author(s):  
Milos Kovic
Keyword(s):  
Great Britain ◽  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
Great Powers ◽  
The Balkans

This paper examines on the basis of the British archival records the attitude of Great Britain towards the consular initiative of the Great Powers in August and September 1875. It was the first joint undertaking of the European powers in the Great Eastern Crisis (1875-1878). In the British view, it was the ambitions of the League of the Three Emperors in the Balkans and Austria-Hungary in Bosnia-Herzegovina that underpinned the initiative. Although the consuls had limited authority, Britain accepted the initiative with reluctance and mistrust - and only after the Ottoman Empire had given its consent. When the League of the Three Emperors proposed more extensive powers for the consuls in order to prevent the failure of their mission, both the Ottoman Empire and Great Britain declined this proposal. This meant that the Consular Mission could accomplish nothing.

scholarly journals Rising Nationalism in the Balkans

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 31
Author(s):  
Fejzi LILA
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
Great Powers ◽  
World War ◽  
Demographic Diversity ◽  
Nationalist Movement ◽  
The Balkans ◽  
The First World War ◽  
New States ◽  
First World

Balkans consists of the geographic and demographic diversity of the complex, with division of the region into new states, with local antagonisms. Balkan leaders, the Great Powers would urge the expansion of national states where and when he wanted interest and would not ignore claims it was one nation over another. The process of developing the nationalist movements and the state - forming in the Balkans, starting with the Patriarchies autonomous movements within the Ottoman Empire, involves the movement of Serbs, Greeks, Bulgarians, Romanians and Albanians. The fall of Bonaparte in 1815, was accompanied by significant changes in Europe in the system of international relations, the diplomacy of the Great Powers. Europe was thrown into the system the concert of Europe, after that of Vienna, while the Ottoman Empire was beginning its stagnation, other European powers had begun to feel the threat of Russia's interests in the Middle East. During this period of time the nationalist movement took place in the region. The nationalism confronted Concert of Vienna principles provoking the First World War.

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