Conclusion

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ning Wang
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
Manual Labour ◽  
Party Ideology

This concluding chapter explains that the suffering endured by political exiles did not come only from the state and its agents: it was also self-imposed. Indoctrinated with Party ideology, many political exiles acknowledged their offence, wished to cleanse their minds of “erroneous thoughts,” and worked hard to show their repentance and to achieve self-redemption through manual labour. This struggle for redemption was a self-imposed affliction. When they discovered that their fate was decided more by Party policies than by their individual efforts at labour reform, many exiles found themselves in psychological agony. Internecine strife exacerbated their misery and led to moral corruption.

Ideologues steer China to undemocratic future

2015 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Communist Party ◽  
Chinese Communist Party ◽  
The State ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Party Ideology ◽  
Foreign Governments ◽  
People's Congress

Subject The significance of the 'Four Comprehensives' ideological campaign. Significance Shortly before the National People's Congress opened last month, the state media presented the 'Four Comprehensives'. This is the rhetorical framework for the next stage of President Xi Jinping's leadership, and may become Xi's enduring contribution to Chinese Communist Party ideology. Impacts The Four Comprehensives signal that Xi intends the austerity and disciplinary campaigns to continue indefinitely. The Four Comprehensives are vague enough that policymakers of many stripes will invoke them to argue their case. Foreign governments and businesses should take ideological processes in China seriously; they are not 'empty' slogans.

Introduction

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-41
Author(s):  
Imraan Coovadia
Keyword(s):  
Political Violence ◽  
Human Dignity ◽  
The State ◽  
Close Connection ◽  
Nelson Mandela ◽  
Manual Labour ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Individual Self ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Radical Transformation

The introduction considers the relationship between Leo Tolstoy, Mohandas Gandhi, and Nelson Mandela. It explores Tolstoy’s rejection of violence from the side of the state, as well as the revolutionary. It considers the close connection Tolstoy proposes between changes in the individual self and a radical transformation of society, pointing to the degree to which Gandhi and Mandela pursued the same project of inward and outward transformation of society, pointing to the degree to which Gandhi and Mandela pursued the same project of inward and outward transformation, which involved manual labour and courtesy, the creation of new inward perspectives on death and human dignity, and a realistic understanding of the dynamics of political violence in the context of colony and empire.

scholarly journals SOME ASPECTS OF THE ARCHIVAL INDUSTRY OF KAZAKHSTAN

2021 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Makanbaev ◽  
◽  
G. Seksenbayeva ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Political System ◽  
The State ◽  
Soviet Period ◽  
The Political ◽  
Cultural Life ◽  
History Of ◽  
Entire History ◽  
Party Ideology

The twentieth century turned out to be the most eventful for the history of archiving, and for the history of Kazakhstan as a whole. This has profoundly affected all aspects of the state, political, social, economic and cultural life. Wars, revolutions, changes in the political system, the restoration and collapse of the USSR - this is how the twentieth century began and ended. This article is an attempt to understand the course and certain feature of the long-term archival process in Kazakhstan. The entire history of archives of the Soviet period is closely intertwined with the history of the political system of the state. The history of archives is related to the monopoly rule of one-party ideology, with administrative pressure in the spiritual sphere of man, including pressure over archives. A new milestone in the development of archiving took place after the collapse of the USSR, so the archive system became independent. Independent Kazakhstan has carried out a number of reforms to democratize archival activities. As a result of these changes, a new archive management system was formed. Archives become part of the country's cultural heritage. The article focuses on identifying the leading trends in the formation of archives and key problems in the domestic archival science. Less attention is paid to the history of individual archives, since in general this is fully reflected in monographs, textbooks and numerous articles of Kazakhstani authors.

The state(s) of the road

The Road ◽  
2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dimitris Dalakoglou
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
The Other ◽  
Historical Understanding ◽  
Network Infrastructure ◽  
The Road ◽  
Manual Labour ◽  
Road Project

This chapter departs from the first highways built in Albania during WWI and passing through the Italian fascist’s regime’s road project of the 1930s, focuses on the socialist period. I propose a view of socialism from the aspect of infrastructure construction and usage and an understanding of notions of manual labour as a measure of creating socialist subjects. Moreover, in this chapter I suggest a methodological division important for the historical understanding of network infrastructure: the division between the physical disposition of the infrastructure and the flows within the network, as one does not necessarily imply the other.

Violence and the Languages of Law

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neeladri Bhattacharya
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
Public Works ◽  
Manual Labour ◽  
History Of ◽  
Forced Labour ◽  
Draught Animals

This chapter revisits the colonial state’s legal justifications of the exertion of arbitrary authority over labor for public works. Focusing on the debates in colonial Punjab regarding the entitlements of the state to draught animals and manual labour for public works, Bhattacharya draws out how the languages of law were pressed into service to draw on the extensive history of begar (forced labour) by pre-colonial states of the region and lay the violent foundation of the official commandeering of forced labour as a legal convention or custom.

Beyond Duverger: party ideology, party-state relations and informal finance strategies in advanced democracies

2014 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 503-525
Author(s):  
Nicole Bolleyer ◽  
Evelyn Bytzek
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
Informal Finance ◽  
Original Dataset ◽  
State Apparatus ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Party Ideology ◽  
State Relations ◽  
Leftist Parties ◽  
Elected Office ◽  
Advanced Democracies

This article examines one widespread but widely overlooked informal party practice to access state resources indirectly: the ‘taxing’ of MP salaries, which obliges candidates who win elected office on a party ticket to regularly donate a fixed share of their private income to party coffers. Linking Duverger’s classical approach on party organization that stresses the importance of party–society relations with the more recent, highly influential cartel party theory that argues that parties are shaped by their relationship with the state, we specify factors that shape the acceptability of this informal practice and thus parties’ capacity to extract rent from their MPs. The analysis of an original dataset covering parties across a wide range of advanced democracies reveals that demanding salary transfers from national MPs to their parties are not only more common in leftist parties as argued by Duverger but also in systems in which the penetration of the state apparatus by political parties is intense as argued by the cartel party approach. Linking the two perspectives further reveals that ideological differences between parties shape their relative capacity to collect higher payments from MPs in systems where parties and the state are less intertwined.

Practical Picture Processing

1974 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 338-339
Author(s):  
T. A. Welton
Keyword(s):  
Radiation Damage ◽  
Coherence Length ◽  
Spatial Information ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Coherent Radiation ◽  
The State ◽  
Energy Spread ◽  
Electron Micrograph ◽  
Picture Processing ◽  
Molecular Skeleton

Various authors have emphasized the spatial information resident in an electron micrograph taken with adequately coherent radiation. In view of the completion of at least one such instrument, this opportunity is taken to summarize the state of the art of processing such micrographs. We use the usual symbols for the aberration coefficients, and supplement these with £ and 6 for the transverse coherence length and the fractional energy spread respectively. He also assume a weak, biologically interesting sample, with principal interest lying in the molecular skeleton remaining after obvious hydrogen loss and other radiation damage has occurred.

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