Enter the Syrians

2020 ◽  
pp. 36-64
Author(s):  
Anne Marie Baylouny
Keyword(s):  
Forced Migration ◽  
Western World ◽  
Refugee Crisis ◽  
International Treaties ◽  
Health Care Education ◽  
The Public ◽  
Legal Obligations ◽  
Syrian Civil War ◽  
Refugee Literature ◽  
Syrian Refugee Crisis

This chapter presents each of Jordan and Lebanon's refugee policies at the start of the Syrian exodus and state legal obligations under international treaties. It analyzes the effects of the refugees on Jordan and Lebanon in the context of past incapacities by presenting conclusions from the refugee literature about the effects of forced migration. It also examines the numerous changes in rent, jobs, inflation, the public services of health care, education, and waste removal, and resource provisions of electricity and water, using available data. The chapter discusses disputes about data and details the benefits that accrued to some citizens as a result of the presence of the Syrians and international organizations. It recounts how the Western world awoke to the Syrian refugee crisis four years into the Syrian civil war, when Syrians arrived on Greek shores as refugees fleeing.

scholarly journals The European Crisis of Politics: Ethnoreligious Pluralism and the Rise of Radical Populism and Far-Right in Europe

2018 ◽  
pp. 19-25
Author(s):  
Cristina Astier ◽  
Ander Errasti
Keyword(s):  
Public Sphere ◽  
Economic Crisis ◽  
Basic Structure ◽  
Western World ◽  
Refugee Crisis ◽  
Far Right ◽  
The Public ◽  
European Crisis ◽  
The Public Sphere ◽  
The Welfare State

It is not highly contentious to claim that the 2008 global economic crisis may be also understood as a failure of the welfare state in European countries. The rise of economic inequalities in Europe, as a major sequel of the 2008 economic crisis and the increase of migrant flows, has fostered and become a breeding ground for racial, religious, or ideological hatred in the western world. However, compared to previous periods in recent history when tensions arose, citizens can now channel their feelings, thoughts, and political ideals through the institutions of the state’s basic structure. Thus, citizens are having a say by channelling their claims through democratic means and different forms of political participation. One relevant articulation has been new expressions of radical populism, nativism, and far-right ideologies which have burst into the public sphere, at the local, regional, and European levels. This combination has turned the economic and refugee crisis into what is mainly a crisis of European politics.Published online: 31 October 2018

Understanding (in)tolerance between hosts and refugees in Lebanon

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bassem Jamil Kheireddine ◽  
Ana Maria Soares ◽  
Ricardo Gouveia Rodrigues
Keyword(s):  
Forced Migration ◽  
Crisis Response ◽  
Refugee Crisis ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Governmental Organizations ◽  
Religious Conflicts ◽  
Non Governmental Organizations ◽  
Emerging Themes ◽  
Syrian Refugee Crisis ◽  
Syrian Conflict

Abstract With the growth in political, ethnic, and religious conflicts across the globe, intolerance is manifested across different societies especially in the context of (forced) migration and refugees. The purpose of this study is to examine intolerance as a complex social problem. Specifically, this research seeks to explore the perceptions and conceptions of (in)tolerance between refugees from Syria and host communities in Lebanon identifying the degree and the different forms in which tolerance and intolerance materialize. This will allow different agents such as non-governmental organizations (NGOs), policymakers, and relevant authorities to develop adequate interventions to tackle this phenomenon through a social marketing approach and improve (refugee) crisis response plans. The situation has emerged following the Syrian conflict (2011–present) and the arrival of 1.5 million refugees into Lebanon. This number thus constitutes a challenge to both the hosts and the refugees in Lebanon, a small country. A qualitative study was conducted based on semi-structured interviews to investigate the perceptions and conceptions of the target audiences, citizens, refugees, leaders, and NGO staff/volunteers. Results show the existence of a phenomenon of intolerance; its relevant aspects, namely discrimination, prejudice, stereotypes, racism, and scapegoating; and the rise of violence–tension and fear as emerging themes of intolerance manifestations in the context of the Syrian refugee crisis in Lebanon.

scholarly journals War, Displacement, and Refugeehood: Existential Encounters of Religion in the Syrian Refugee Crisis

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ingrid Løland
Keyword(s):  
Forced Migration ◽  
The Other ◽  
Syrian Refugees ◽  
Refugee Crisis ◽  
Empirical Reality ◽  
Syrian Refugee ◽  
The One ◽  
Existential Anthropology ◽  
Syrian Refugee Crisis ◽  
Identification Processes

How and to what extent does religion play into the life-rupturing experiences that characterize forced migration? This article provides a novel look at how issues of religion and identity (re/de)constructions are entangled with the Syrian refugee crisis and mirrored in the diverse experiences relating to a sample of Syrian refugees now residing in Norway. The study aims to delve more deeply into the Syrian scene of war as a determinant backdrop to the Syrian refugee crisis, thereby tracing the intersection of religion in people’s experiences of conflict, displacement, and refugeehood. It argues for a lived dimension approach when analysing the variable ways in which empowering and disempowering aspects of religion cut into their migration trajectories. Additionally, it applies a theoretical lens derived from existential anthropology to explore how narrative negotiations veer between chaos, crisis, and disruption, on the one hand, and resilience, hope, and restitution, on the other. The study reveals an ambiguous empirical reality in which the nexus between religion and forced migration involves highly contradictory identification processes. Furthermore, it provides vivid polyvocal testimonies on how Syrians have navigated the liminal in-betweens of vulnerability and agency in their escape from Syria as well as during their journeys of displacement into refugeehood.

scholarly journals The Syrian Refugee Crisis and Foreign Policy Decision-Making in Jordan, Lebanon, and Turkey

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 464-481 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerasimos Tsourapas
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Relevant Literature ◽  
Forced Migration ◽  
Policy Decision ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Refugee Crisis ◽  
Syrian Refugee ◽  
Policy Decision Making ◽  
Syrian Refugee Crisis

Abstract How does forced migration affect the politics of host states and, in particular, how does it impact states’ foreign policy decision-making? The relevant literature on refugee politics has yet to fully explore how forced migration affects host states’ behavior. One possibility is that they will employ their position in order to extract revenue from other state or nonstate actors for maintaining refugee groups within their borders. This article explores the workings of these refugee rentier states, namely states seeking to leverage their position as host states of displaced communities for material gain. It focuses on the Syrian refugee crisis, examining the foreign policy responses of three major host states—Jordan, Lebanon, and Turkey. While all three engaged in post-2011 refugee rent-seeking behavior, Jordan and Lebanon deployed a back-scratching strategy based on bargains, while Turkey deployed a blackmailing strategy based on threats. Drawing upon primary sources in English and Arabic, the article inductively examines the choice of strategy and argues that it depended on the size of the host state's refugee community and domestic elites’ perception of their geostrategic importance vis-à-vis the target. The article concludes with a discussion of these findings’ significance for understanding the international dimension of the Syrian refugee crisis and argues that they also pave the way for future research on the effects of forced displacement on host states’ political development.

scholarly journals The Syrian Refugee Crisis and Foreign Policy Decision-Making in Jordan, Lebanon, and Turkey

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerasimos Tsourapas
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Relevant Literature ◽  
Forced Migration ◽  
Policy Decision ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Refugee Crisis ◽  
Syrian Refugee ◽  
Policy Decision Making ◽  
Syrian Refugee Crisis

How does forced migration affect the politics of host states and, in particular, how does it impact upon states’ foreign policy decision-making? The relevant literature on refugee politics has yet to fully explore how forced migration encourages host states to employ their position in order to extract revenue from other state or non-state actors for maintaining refugee groups within their borders. This article explores the workings of refugee rentier states, namely states seeking to leverage their position as host states of displaced communities for material gain. It focuses on the Syrian refugee crisis, examining the foreign-policy responses of three major host states – Jordan, Lebanon, and Turkey. While all three engaged in post-2011 refugee rent-seeking behavior, Jordan and Lebanon deployed a backscratching strategy based on bargains, while Turkey deployed a blackmailing strategy based on threats. Employing primary sources in English and Arabic, the article inductively examines how the choice of strategy depended on the host state’s size of refugee community and domestic elites’ perception of their state’s geostrategic importance vis-à-vis the target state(s). The article concludes with a discussion on the significance of its findings for understanding the international dimension of the Syrian refugee crisis and paves the way for future research on the effects of forced displacement on host states’ political development.

scholarly journals A forced migration from Myanmar to Bangladesh and beyond: humanitarian response to Rohingya refugee crisis

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Malang Faye
Keyword(s):  
Forced Migration ◽  
International Community ◽  
Refugee Crisis ◽  
Humanitarian Response ◽  
The World ◽  
The Government ◽  
Mass Killings

AbstractIt is widely agreed that the Rohingya Muslims of Myanmar are currently named as the most persecuted minority in the world. The racial prosecution is triggered by the decades of longstanding insurgency between the Government of Myanmar and the Rohingya Muslims over the issues of religious and ethnic discrepancy. This article presents the measures taken by the international community to stop these mass killings. The article offers critical insights into strategies used by Myanmar’s government to suppress the Rohingyas. This study highlights the rights violation and humanitarian struggle faced by the Rohingya people and the humanitarian response to the crises by the international community.

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