scholarly journals Capturing and analyzing pattern diversity: an example using the melanistic spotted patterns of leopard geckos

PeerJ ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. e11829
Author(s):  
Tilmann Glimm ◽  
Maria Kiskowski ◽  
Nickolas Moreno ◽  
Ylenia Chiari
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Methods ◽  
Color Pattern ◽  
The Body ◽  
Main Body ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Color Patterns ◽  
Evolutionary Forces ◽  
Pattern Diversity ◽  
Data Collection And Analysis ◽  
Body Patterns

Animal color patterns are widely studied in ecology, evolution, and through mathematical modeling. Patterns may vary among distinct body parts such as the head, trunk or tail. As large amounts of photographic data is becoming more easily available, there is a growing need for general quantitative methods for capturing and analyzing the full complexity and details of pattern variation. Detailed information on variation in color pattern elements is necessary to understand how patterns are produced and established during development, and which evolutionary forces may constrain such a variation. Here, we develop an approach to capture and analyze variation in melanistic color pattern elements in leopard geckos. We use this data to study the variation among different body parts of leopard geckos and to draw inferences about their development. We compare patterns using 14 different indices such as the ratio of melanistic versus total area, the ellipticity of spots, and the size of spots and use these to define a composite distance between two patterns. Pattern presence/absence among the different body parts indicates a clear pathway of pattern establishment from the head to the back legs. Together with weak within-individual correlation between leg patterns and main body patterns, this suggests that pattern establishment in the head and tail may be independent from the rest of the body. We found that patterns vary greatest in size and density of the spots among body parts and individuals, but little in their average shapes. We also found a correlation between the melanistic patterns of the two front legs, as well as the two back legs, and also between the head, tail and trunk, especially for the density and size of the spots, but not their shape or inter-spot distance. Our data collection and analysis approach can be applied to other organisms to study variation in color patterns between body parts and to address questions on pattern formation and establishment in animals.

scholarly journals Capturing and analyzing pattern diversity: an example using the melanistic spotted patterns of leopard geckos

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tilmann Glimm ◽  
Maria Kiskowski ◽  
Nickolas Moreno ◽  
Ylenia Chiari
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Methods ◽  
Color Pattern ◽  
The Body ◽  
Main Body ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Color Patterns ◽  
Evolutionary Forces ◽  
Pattern Diversity ◽  
Data Collection And Analysis ◽  
Body Patterns

AbstractAnimal color patterns are widely studied in ecology, evolution, and through mathematical modeling. Patterns may vary among distinct body parts such as the head, trunk or tail. As large amounts of photographic data is becoming more easily available, there is a growing need for general quantitative methods for capturing and analyzing the full complexity and details of pattern variation. Detailed information on variation in color pattern elements is necessary to understand how patterns are produced and established during development, and which evolutionary forces may constrain such a variation. Here, we develop an approach to capture and analyze variation in melanistic color pattern elements in leopard geckos. We use this data to study the variation among different body parts of leopard geckos and to draw inferences about their development. We compare patterns using 14 different indices such as the ratio of melanistic versus total area, the ellipticity of spots, and the size of spots and use these to define a composite distance between two patterns. Pattern presence/absence among the different body parts indicates a clear pathway of pattern establishment from the head to the back legs. Together with weak within-individual correlation between leg patterns and main body patterns, this suggests that pattern establishment in the head and tail may be independent from the rest of the body. We found that patterns vary greatest in size and density of the spots among body parts and individuals, but little in their average shapes. We also found a correlation between the melanistic patterns of the two front legs, as well as the two back legs, and also between the head, tail and trunk, especially for the density and size of the spots, but not their shape or inter-spot distance. Our data collection and analysis approach can be applied to other organisms to study variation in color patterns between body parts and to address questions on pattern formation and establishment in animals.

scholarly journals A conserved paint box underlies color pattern diversity in Estrildid finches

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Magdalena Hidalgo ◽  
Camille Curantz ◽  
Nicole Quenech’Du ◽  
Thanh-Lan Gluckman ◽  
Julia Neguer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Color Pattern ◽  
Color Patterns ◽  
Color Distribution ◽  
Comparative Analyses ◽  
Developmental Mechanisms ◽  
Pattern Diversity ◽  
Molecular Map ◽  
Small Set ◽  
Molecular Landscape

AbstractMany animals exhibit typical color patterns that have been linked to key adaptive functions, yet the developmental mechanisms establishing these crucial designs remain unclear. Here, we surveyed color distribution in the plumage across a large number of passerine finches. Despite extreme apparent pattern diversity, we identified a small set of conserved color regions whose combinatory association can explain all observed patterns. We found these domains are instructed by early embryonic landmarks, and through profiling and comparative analyses produced a molecular map marking putative color domains in the developing skin. This revealed cryptic pre-patterning common to differently colored species, uncovering a simple molecular landscape underlying extensive color pattern variation.

scholarly journals Redescription of Panaqolus purusiensis(LaMonte, 1935) (Siluriformes: Loricariidae) with identification key to the species of the genus

2014 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Andreas Cramer
Keyword(s):  
Color Pattern ◽  
The Body ◽  
Similar Species ◽  
Single Specimen ◽  
Color Patterns ◽  
Body Proportions ◽  
Size Dependent ◽  
New Material ◽  
Distinct Color ◽  
Dark Body

Despite Panaqolus purusiensis being described nearly 80 years ago, very little is known about it. The taxon was described based on a single specimen. Researching collection catalogues has revealed two more specimens that were caught together along with the holotype but had subsequently been deposited in different museums. Recent collections, including one from the type locality, have made more specimens available. Examination of this new material reveals that this species has three distinct color patterns that are size dependent. Specimens with standard length (SL) less than 30 mm show a coloration common among various species of Panaqolus consisting of regular bands on the body, fins and head. Specimens from 30-90 mm SL have a specific color pattern with thinner bands and those larger than 90 mm SL have a uniformly dark body with only the fins continuing to show bands. The most similar species are P. changae, P. gnomus, P. maccus, and P. nocturnus.The first three can easily be distinguished by their coloration and by body proportions. Specimens of P. nocturnusof more than 90 mm SL however are nearly indistinguishable from P. purusiensisof the same size, making identification difficult.

scholarly journals Wing pattern diversity in Brassolini butterflies (Nymphalidae, Satyrinae)

2013 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 154-180 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carla Maria Penz ◽  
Neda Mohammadi
Keyword(s):  
Hind Wing ◽  
Dorsal Surface ◽  
Color Pattern ◽  
Specific Pattern ◽  
Wing Pattern ◽  
Background Color ◽  
Color Patterns ◽  
Ground Plan ◽  
Pattern Diversity ◽  
Nymphalid Ground Plan

This study describes and compares the diverse dorsal and ventral wing color patterns of Brassolini butterflies. Thirty-three species are illustrated, where pattern elements of the nymphalid ground plan are labeled in color. In general, a larger number of pattern elements can be identified on the ventral than on the dorsal surface of both wings, and the forewing has a larger number of discernible pattern elements than the hind wing. The dorsal elements are broad, diffuse, and more difficult to identify against the typically brown brassoline wing background color. Species with a light colored dorsal background served as a guide for our proposal that fewer pattern elements are present dorsally, particularly on the hind wing. Colorful bands or markings generally present on the dorsal surface seem to be associated with specific pattern elements and have correspondence to the ventral pattern. We refer to these as trailing bands, and they constitute a predominant feature of the brassoline dorsal coloration. We propose a subordinate groundplan for brassolines and interpret some of the ventral pattern variation in light of their phylogeny. Dorsal color pattern variation that leads to sexual dimorphism and mimetic resemblance are also discussed.

scholarly journals Body Maps of Moral Concerns

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Atari ◽  
Aida Mostafazadeh Davani ◽  
Morteza Dehghani
Keyword(s):  
Language Processing ◽  
Semantic Representation ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Body Patterns ◽  
Complex Relationships ◽  
Key Aspects ◽  
Shed Light ◽  
Topographical Maps

It has been proposed that somatosensory reaction to varied social circumstances results in feelings (i.e., conscious emotional experiences). Here, we present two preregistered studies in which we examined the topographical maps of somatosensory reactions associated with violations of different moral concerns. Specifically, participants in Study 1 (N = 596) were randomly assigned to respond to scenarios involving various moral violations and were asked to draw key aspects of their subjective somatosensory experience on two 48,954-pixel silhouettes. Our results show that body patterns corresponding to different moral violations are felt in different regions of the body depending on whether individuals are classified as liberals or conservatives. We also investigated how individual differences in moral concerns relate to body maps of moral violations. Finally, we used natural-language processing to predict activation in body parts on the basis of the semantic representation of textual stimuli. We replicated these findings in a nationally representative sample in Study 2 (N = 300). Overall, our findings shed light on the complex relationships between moral processes and somatosensory experiences.

Design of a Compliant Jumping Robot With Passive Stabilizer

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua Hooper ◽  
Martin Garcia ◽  
Paul Pena ◽  
Ayse Tekes
Keyword(s):  
Center Of Mass ◽  
Vertical Plane ◽  
Rigid Body Dynamics ◽  
The Body ◽  
Main Body ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Flexure Hinges ◽  
Jumping Robot ◽  
The Impact

Abstract This study presents the design and development of a compliant multi-link hopping mechanism actuated by a single DC motor. Two main design goals are to have a single piece designed main body for the jumping robot and a passive stabilizer to allow consecutive jumps. Mechanism consists of monolithically designed large deflecting main body incorporating the gears and initially curved flexure hinge. Due to the limitations of the design goal, revolute motion between top and bottom legs on the main body are realized by a compliant link which replaces the need of ball bearings. Also, continuous energy store and release during jumping is ensured by the same flexure hinges. Passive self-righting cage is attached to the bottom of the main body to maintain upright position both in landing and takeoff. The cage allows the center of mass to stay in the vertical plane to prevent tilting. During landing, cage absorbs the impact and allows the main body to roll to its initial configuration so that the robot can complete jumping. Mechanism parts including the cage are 3D printed using PETG. Design optimization of the body parts including the rigid legs and flexure hinges are analyzed both experimentally and analytically. Finite element analysis is performed to calculate the equivalent stiffness and natural frequency of the jumping robot and simplified mathematical model is derived using rigid body dynamics.

Intrapopulational variation in color pattern of Trichomycterus davisi (Haseman, 1911) (Siluriformes: Trichomycteridae) corroborated by morphometrics and molecular analysis

Zootaxa ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 4290 (3) ◽  
pp. 503 ◽  
Author(s):  
RAUL HENRIQUE CARDOSO NASCIMENTO ◽  
WILSON FRANTINE-SILVA ◽  
LENICE SOUZA-SHIBATTA ◽  
SILVIA HELENA SOFIA ◽  
JULIANO FERRER ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Morphometric Analysis ◽  
Standard Length ◽  
Morphological Analysis ◽  
Color Pattern ◽  
The Body ◽  
Ontogenetic Variation ◽  
Southern Brazil ◽  
Color Patterns ◽  
Intrapopulational Variation ◽  
Intraspecific Genetic Distance

Color patterns of the body are commonly used to distinguish and identify species of Trichomycterus. Therefore, variation in color pattern in a population can cause doubt concerning species identification. With the purpose to test the hypothesis of high variation in color pattern of Trichomycterus davisi (Haseman, 1911), 118 specimens were collected in a stream of a private Ecological Park in southern Brazil, of which 88 were used in the morphological analysis and 30 for DNA barcoding analysis. Three phenotypic classes were determined analyzing the distribution, size and shape of dark brown spots and blotches. The results of morphometric analysis indicate a tendency of association of those pigmentation patterns with the standard length, evidencing ontogenetic variation of color pattern in the species. The results of K2P intraspecific genetic distance (<0.72%), haplotypes network and Bayesian phylogenetic tree corroborate the existence of only one species with a high variable color pattern. 

Regional Color Patterns in the Parasitic Hymenoptera

1964 ◽  
Vol 96 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 132-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. R. M. Mason
Keyword(s):  
Color Pattern ◽  
The Body ◽  
Regional Differentiation ◽  
Color Patterns ◽  
Small Species ◽  
Tropical Regions ◽  
Parasitic Hymenoptera ◽  
White Spots ◽  
The World ◽  
Warm Climates

Parasitic Hymenoptera in all parts of the world exhibit many striking color patterns. These patterns are differentiated into groups according to the locality, size and habits of the insect.The really small species, i.e. those under 4 mm. long, can hardly be said to have a color pattern at all, and have virtually no regional differentiation anywhere except for a general prevalence of darker coloration in cool climates and paler in warm climates. In tropical regions many of the smaller Hymenoptera are confined to the shady interior of forests. These species often exhibit a disruptive pattern consisting of white spots at the tip of the antennae and the tip of the hind legs or ovipositor. These white spots show strikingly against a dark forest background and serve to draw attention away from the body of the insect itself. Such disruptive patterns are seldom found in temperate fhest species of the smallest sizes but are common in large sized forest-dwelling ichneumonids in all parts of the world.

Skilled Motor Performance and Working Memory in Rowers: Body Patterns and Spatial Positions

1996 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 357-378 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael E. Woodin ◽  
Jane Heil
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Motor Performance ◽  
Complex Interaction ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Motor Tasks ◽  
Concurrent Performance ◽  
Body Patterns

Previous studies using unfamiliar laboratory tasks (e.g. Smyth & Pendleton, 1990) have shown that working memory for movements to targets external to the body (positional movements) is dissociable from working memory for movements made to recreate specific configurations of body parts (patterned movements). In Experiment 1 this dissociation is replicated using tasks that were adapted for use in Experiment 2. In Experiment 2 the timing of experienced rowers’ performance of patterned and positional elements of the rowing stroke was selectively disrupted by concurrent performance of patterned and positional memory tasks, respectively. These results suggest that patterned and positional elements of well-practised everyday motor tasks, which involve a complex interaction of the two types of movement, are controlled separately and place dissociable demands on working memory.

scholarly journals Body Maps of Moral Concerns

2020 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 160-169 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Atari ◽  
Aida Mostafazadeh Davani ◽  
Morteza Dehghani
Keyword(s):  
Language Processing ◽  
Semantic Representation ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Body Patterns ◽  
Complex Relationships ◽  
Key Aspects ◽  
Shed Light ◽  
Topographical Maps

It has been proposed that somatosensory reaction to varied social circumstances results in feelings (i.e., conscious emotional experiences). Here, we present two preregistered studies in which we examined the topographical maps of somatosensory reactions associated with violations of different moral concerns. Specifically, participants in Study 1 ( N = 596) were randomly assigned to respond to scenarios involving various moral violations and were asked to draw key aspects of their subjective somatosensory experience on two 48,954-pixel silhouettes. Our results show that body patterns corresponding to different moral violations are felt in different regions of the body depending on whether individuals are classified as liberals or conservatives. We also investigated how individual differences in moral concerns relate to body maps of moral violations. Finally, we used natural-language processing to predict activation in body parts on the basis of the semantic representation of textual stimuli. We replicated these findings in a nationally representative sample in Study 2 ( N = 300). Overall, our findings shed light on the complex relationships between moral processes and somatosensory experiences.

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