scholarly journals Body Maps of Moral Concerns

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Atari ◽  
Aida Mostafazadeh Davani ◽  
Morteza Dehghani
Keyword(s):  
Language Processing ◽  
Semantic Representation ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Body Patterns ◽  
Complex Relationships ◽  
Key Aspects ◽  
Shed Light ◽  
Topographical Maps

It has been proposed that somatosensory reaction to varied social circumstances results in feelings (i.e., conscious emotional experiences). Here, we present two preregistered studies in which we examined the topographical maps of somatosensory reactions associated with violations of different moral concerns. Specifically, participants in Study 1 (N = 596) were randomly assigned to respond to scenarios involving various moral violations and were asked to draw key aspects of their subjective somatosensory experience on two 48,954-pixel silhouettes. Our results show that body patterns corresponding to different moral violations are felt in different regions of the body depending on whether individuals are classified as liberals or conservatives. We also investigated how individual differences in moral concerns relate to body maps of moral violations. Finally, we used natural-language processing to predict activation in body parts on the basis of the semantic representation of textual stimuli. We replicated these findings in a nationally representative sample in Study 2 (N = 300). Overall, our findings shed light on the complex relationships between moral processes and somatosensory experiences.

scholarly journals Body Maps of Moral Concerns

2020 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 160-169 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Atari ◽  
Aida Mostafazadeh Davani ◽  
Morteza Dehghani
Keyword(s):  
Language Processing ◽  
Semantic Representation ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Body Patterns ◽  
Complex Relationships ◽  
Key Aspects ◽  
Shed Light ◽  
Topographical Maps

It has been proposed that somatosensory reaction to varied social circumstances results in feelings (i.e., conscious emotional experiences). Here, we present two preregistered studies in which we examined the topographical maps of somatosensory reactions associated with violations of different moral concerns. Specifically, participants in Study 1 ( N = 596) were randomly assigned to respond to scenarios involving various moral violations and were asked to draw key aspects of their subjective somatosensory experience on two 48,954-pixel silhouettes. Our results show that body patterns corresponding to different moral violations are felt in different regions of the body depending on whether individuals are classified as liberals or conservatives. We also investigated how individual differences in moral concerns relate to body maps of moral violations. Finally, we used natural-language processing to predict activation in body parts on the basis of the semantic representation of textual stimuli. We replicated these findings in a nationally representative sample in Study 2 ( N = 300). Overall, our findings shed light on the complex relationships between moral processes and somatosensory experiences.

The Contemporary Archaeology of Urban Cremation

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Howard Williams ◽  
Anna Wessman
Keyword(s):  
The Body ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Archaeological Record ◽  
Ethnographic Studies ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Spatial Dimensions ◽  
Rich Data ◽  
Space Architecture ◽  
Ash Disposal ◽  
Shed Light

Modern cremation is often portrayed by archaeologists as a distracting antithesis of the open-air cremation practices encountered in the archaeological record from the prehistoric and early historic past. In some key ways, the process of burning cadavers within gas-fired ovens, followed by the grinding of bones to uniformly sized granules, offers a stark contrast to the varied multi-staged open-air cremation practices known from recent ethnographic studies, and from the increasingly rich data provided by the archaeological record. The cremation process is hidden, indoors and hence distanced from the survivors in modern cremation. However, there are also numerous connecting themes between modern and ancient cremation and this chapter hopes to shed light on how mortuary archaeologists can explore cremation today to better understand cremation’s memorials, spaces and materials in both the distant and recent past, including both shared themes and distinctive dimensions in relation to other disposal methods, like inhumation. For while the burning of the body itself is hidden from view in modern cremation, the deployment of space, architecture, and memorialization before, during, and after the transformation of the body by fire choreographs comparable, if varied, emotive and mnemonic engagements between the living and the dead. This argument certainly holds for the post-cremation disposal of the ‘ashes’ or ‘cremains’ (the burned, distorted, shrunken, dried, and fragmented vestiges of the body and the materials and fuels involved in the cremation process: although in modern cremation, all artefacts and artificial body parts are removed prior to the grinding of bones). Both ancient and modern cremation practices share in providing a wide range of options regarding the destinations and treatments of ashes. They might be left at the site of cremation (in the modern sense, dispersed by crematorium staff in the garden of remembrance), yet they are readily retrievable, transportable and partible, and can be dispersed and integrated into a range of spaces and materials unavailable to the treatment of the unburned dead (see Williams 2008). Some of the spectrum of opportunities for ash disposal are comparable to those available for the inhumed dead and involve a specific plot and memorial, yet others can take on other material and spatial dimensions far different from the traditional grave plot.

Skilled Motor Performance and Working Memory in Rowers: Body Patterns and Spatial Positions

1996 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 357-378 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael E. Woodin ◽  
Jane Heil
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Motor Performance ◽  
Complex Interaction ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Motor Tasks ◽  
Concurrent Performance ◽  
Body Patterns

Previous studies using unfamiliar laboratory tasks (e.g. Smyth & Pendleton, 1990) have shown that working memory for movements to targets external to the body (positional movements) is dissociable from working memory for movements made to recreate specific configurations of body parts (patterned movements). In Experiment 1 this dissociation is replicated using tasks that were adapted for use in Experiment 2. In Experiment 2 the timing of experienced rowers’ performance of patterned and positional elements of the rowing stroke was selectively disrupted by concurrent performance of patterned and positional memory tasks, respectively. These results suggest that patterned and positional elements of well-practised everyday motor tasks, which involve a complex interaction of the two types of movement, are controlled separately and place dissociable demands on working memory.

Sallust’s Imitation of Greek Models at Catiline 14.2-3

Mnemosyne ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. 40-61 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin Muse
Keyword(s):  
The Body ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Three Body ◽  
Shed Light ◽  
Complete Deletion

Abstract Sallust’s description of Catiline’s profligate retinue at Catiline 14.2-3 contains a well-known textual problem. It is certain that the prodigals at the beginning of the sentence wasted their property by means of three body parts (manu ventre pene). Problematic, however, are the three types of wastrel that immediately precede the body parts, printed in most editions as inpudicus adulter ganeo. Because of the imprecise correspondence between these characters and the body parts, a number of remedies have been proposed, ranging from various emendations that create a more straightforward chiastic structure to complete deletion of inpudicus adulter ganeo as glosses. This paper proposes to shed light on the passage by examining the Greek models that Sallust imitated in constructing it: Theopompus’ description of Philip’s courtiers in Macedon and a passage of invective by the orator Lycurgus. It is concluded that emendation, rather than radical truncation, is the best remedy.

scholarly journals Capturing and analyzing pattern diversity: an example using the melanistic spotted patterns of leopard geckos

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tilmann Glimm ◽  
Maria Kiskowski ◽  
Nickolas Moreno ◽  
Ylenia Chiari
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Methods ◽  
Color Pattern ◽  
The Body ◽  
Main Body ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Color Patterns ◽  
Evolutionary Forces ◽  
Pattern Diversity ◽  
Data Collection And Analysis ◽  
Body Patterns

AbstractAnimal color patterns are widely studied in ecology, evolution, and through mathematical modeling. Patterns may vary among distinct body parts such as the head, trunk or tail. As large amounts of photographic data is becoming more easily available, there is a growing need for general quantitative methods for capturing and analyzing the full complexity and details of pattern variation. Detailed information on variation in color pattern elements is necessary to understand how patterns are produced and established during development, and which evolutionary forces may constrain such a variation. Here, we develop an approach to capture and analyze variation in melanistic color pattern elements in leopard geckos. We use this data to study the variation among different body parts of leopard geckos and to draw inferences about their development. We compare patterns using 14 different indices such as the ratio of melanistic versus total area, the ellipticity of spots, and the size of spots and use these to define a composite distance between two patterns. Pattern presence/absence among the different body parts indicates a clear pathway of pattern establishment from the head to the back legs. Together with weak within-individual correlation between leg patterns and main body patterns, this suggests that pattern establishment in the head and tail may be independent from the rest of the body. We found that patterns vary greatest in size and density of the spots among body parts and individuals, but little in their average shapes. We also found a correlation between the melanistic patterns of the two front legs, as well as the two back legs, and also between the head, tail and trunk, especially for the density and size of the spots, but not their shape or inter-spot distance. Our data collection and analysis approach can be applied to other organisms to study variation in color patterns between body parts and to address questions on pattern formation and establishment in animals.

scholarly journals Illusory tactile movement crosses arms and legs and is coded in external space

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marie Martel ◽  
Xaver Fuchs ◽  
Jorg Trojan ◽  
Valerie Gockel ◽  
Boukje Habets ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bayesian Model ◽  
Spatial Perception ◽  
Prior Experience ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Other ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
External Space ◽  
Somatosensory Neurons ◽  
Key Aspects ◽  
Localization Behavior

Humans often misjudge where on the body a touch occurred. Theoretical accounts have ascribed such misperceptions to local interactions in peripheral and primary somatosensory neurons, positing that spatial-perceptual mechanisms adhere to limb boundaries and skin layout. Yet, perception often reflects integration of sensory signals with prior experience. On their trajectories, objects often touch multiple limbs; therefore, body-environment interactions should manifest in perceptual mechanisms that reflect external space. Here, we demonstrate that humans perceived the cutaneous rabbit illusion - the percept of multiple identical stimuli as hopping across the skin - along the Euclidian trajectory between stimuli on two body parts and regularly mislocalized stimuli from one limb to the other. A Bayesian model based on Euclidian, as opposed to anatomical, distance faithfully reproduced key aspects of participants' localization behavior. Our results suggest that prior experience of touch in space critically shapes tactile spatial perception and illusions beyond anatomical organization.

scholarly journals Capturing and analyzing pattern diversity: an example using the melanistic spotted patterns of leopard geckos

PeerJ ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. e11829
Author(s):  
Tilmann Glimm ◽  
Maria Kiskowski ◽  
Nickolas Moreno ◽  
Ylenia Chiari
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Methods ◽  
Color Pattern ◽  
The Body ◽  
Main Body ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Color Patterns ◽  
Evolutionary Forces ◽  
Pattern Diversity ◽  
Data Collection And Analysis ◽  
Body Patterns

Animal color patterns are widely studied in ecology, evolution, and through mathematical modeling. Patterns may vary among distinct body parts such as the head, trunk or tail. As large amounts of photographic data is becoming more easily available, there is a growing need for general quantitative methods for capturing and analyzing the full complexity and details of pattern variation. Detailed information on variation in color pattern elements is necessary to understand how patterns are produced and established during development, and which evolutionary forces may constrain such a variation. Here, we develop an approach to capture and analyze variation in melanistic color pattern elements in leopard geckos. We use this data to study the variation among different body parts of leopard geckos and to draw inferences about their development. We compare patterns using 14 different indices such as the ratio of melanistic versus total area, the ellipticity of spots, and the size of spots and use these to define a composite distance between two patterns. Pattern presence/absence among the different body parts indicates a clear pathway of pattern establishment from the head to the back legs. Together with weak within-individual correlation between leg patterns and main body patterns, this suggests that pattern establishment in the head and tail may be independent from the rest of the body. We found that patterns vary greatest in size and density of the spots among body parts and individuals, but little in their average shapes. We also found a correlation between the melanistic patterns of the two front legs, as well as the two back legs, and also between the head, tail and trunk, especially for the density and size of the spots, but not their shape or inter-spot distance. Our data collection and analysis approach can be applied to other organisms to study variation in color patterns between body parts and to address questions on pattern formation and establishment in animals.

On Anatomical Enumeration and Difference in Early Sanskrit Medical Literature

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 263-276
Author(s):  
Martha Ann Selby
Keyword(s):  
Human Body ◽  
Sexual Difference ◽  
Medical Literature ◽  
The Body ◽  
Second Century ◽  
First Century ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Naked Eye ◽  
Detailed List ◽  
Shed Light

Abstract What does it mean to inventory all the components of the human body, and what do those inventories tell us about medical ideas and practice? I compare the lists of body parts in the śārīra-sthānas (sections relating to the body) of the Caraka-saṃhitā (ca. first century CE) and the Suśruta-saṃhitā (ca. second century CE). Rather than provide a detailed list of differences, I contemplate what these differences “mean” in terms of counting as a practice and of how we might think about these two texts as articulations of the concerns of the “theorist-physicians” of the Caraka-saṃhitā and the “anatomist-surgeons” of the Suśruta-saṃhitā. How might a close comparative reading of these passages—an “emic” reading, if you will—shed light on medical practice in early India and its relationship with metaphysical concerns, issues of selfhood, sexual “difference,” and the problem of understanding what cannot be seen with the naked eye?

Formulation, Design and Development of Niosome Based Topical Gel for Skin Cancer

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Skin Cancer ◽  
Drug Release ◽  
Hemorrhagic Cystitis ◽  
The Body ◽  
Cancer Drug ◽  
Inversion Method ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Basal Cells ◽  
Formulation Design ◽  
Topical Gel

Melanoma is the most dangerous type of skin cancer in which mostly damaged unpaired DNA starts mutating abnormally and staged an unprecedented proliferation of epithelial skin to form a malignant tumor. In epidemics of skin, pigment-forming melanocytes of basal cells start depleting and form uneven black or brown moles. Melanoma can further spread all over the body parts and could become hard to detect. In USA Melanoma kills an estimated 10,130 people annually. This challenge can be succumbed by using the certain anti-cancer drug. In this study design, cyclophosphamide were used as a model drug. But it has own limitation like mild to moderate use may cause severe cytopenia, hemorrhagic cystitis, neutropenia, alopecia and GI disturbance. This is a promising challenge, which is caused due to the increasing in plasma drug concentration above therapeutic level and due to no rate limiting steps involved in formulation design. In this study, we tried to modify drug release up to threefold and extended the release of drug by preparing and designing niosome based topical gel. In the presence of Dichloromethane, Span60 and cholesterol, the initial niosomes were prepared using vacuum evaporator. The optimum percentage drug entrapment efficacy, zeta potential, particle size was found to be 72.16%, 6.19mV, 1.67µm.Prepared niosomes were further characterized using TEM analyzer. The optimum batch of niosomes was selected and incorporated into topical gel preparation. Cold inversion method and Poloxamer -188 and HPMC as core polymers, were used to prepare cyclophosphamide niosome based topical gel. The formula was designed using Design expert 7.0.0 software and Box-Behnken Design model was selected. Almost all the evaluation parameters were studied and reported. The MTT shows good % cell growth inhibition by prepared niosome based gel against of A375 cell line. The drug release was extended up to 20th hours. Further as per ICH Q1A (R2), guideline 6 month stability studies were performed. The results were satisfactory and indicating a good formulation approach design was achieved for Melanoma treatment.

Variations of the Mixed Discourse

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chantal Jaquet
Keyword(s):  
The Body ◽  
States Of Mind ◽  
Mind And Body ◽  
The Mind ◽  
Shed Light

Lastly, on the basis of this definition, the author shows how affects shed light on the body-mind relationship and provide an opportunity to produce a mixed discourse that focuses, by turns, on the mental, physical, or psychophysical aspect of affect. The final chapter has two parts: – An analysis of the three categories of affects: mental, physical, and psychophysical – An examination of the variations of Spinoza’s discourse Some affects, such as satisfaction of the mind, are presented as mental, even though they are correlated with the body. Others, such as pain or pleasure, cheerfulness (hilaritas) or melancholy are mainly rooted in the body, even though the mind forms an idea of them. Still others are psychophysical, such as humility or pride, which are expressed at once as bodily postures and states of mind. These affects thus show us how the mind and body are united, all the while expressing themselves differently and specifically, according to their own modalities.

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