scholarly journals Is there a hybridization barrier betweenGentiana luteacolor morphs?

PeerJ ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. e1308 ◽  
Author(s):  
María Losada ◽  
Tania Veiga ◽  
Javier Guitián ◽  
José Guitián ◽  
Pablo Guitián ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Success ◽  
Seed Viability ◽  
Flower Color ◽  
Sympatric Population ◽  
Nw Spain ◽  
Gentiana Lutea ◽  
Color Morphs ◽  
Pollen Vectors ◽  
Yellow Corolla ◽  
Number Of Seeds

InGentiana luteatwo varieties are described:G. luteavar.aurantiacawith orange corolla colors andG. luteavar.luteawith yellow corolla colors. Both color varieties co-occur in NW Spain, and pollinators select flower color in this species. It is not known whether a hybridization barrier exists between theseG. luteacolor varieties. We aim to test the compatibility between flower color varieties inG. luteaand its dependence on pollen vectors. Within a sympatric population containing both flower color morphs, we analyzed differences in reproductive success (number, weight, viability and germinability of seeds) depending on fertilization treatments (autogamy and xenogamy within variety and among varieties). We found a 93% reduction in number of seeds and a 37% reduction in seed weight respectively of autogamy treatments compared to xenogamy crossings. Additionally, reproductive success is higher within color varieties than among varieties, due to a 45% seed viability reduction on hybrids from different varieties. Our results show thatG. luteareproductive success is strongly dependent on pollinators and that a partial hybridization barrier exists betweenG. luteavarieties.

scholarly journals Flower color preferences of insects and livestock: effects onGentiana luteareproductive success

PeerJ ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. e1685 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mar Sobral ◽  
María Losada ◽  
Tania Veiga ◽  
Javier Guitián ◽  
José Guitián ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Success ◽  
Seed Production ◽  
Flower Color ◽  
Color Variation ◽  
Insect Herbivores ◽  
Nw Spain ◽  
Color Preferences ◽  
Seed Predators ◽  
Gentiana Lutea ◽  
Grazing Livestock

Angiosperms diversification was primarily driven by pollinator agents, but non-pollinator agents also promoted floral evolution.Gentiana luteashows pollinator driven flower color variation in NW Spain. We test whether insect herbivores and livestock, which frequently feed inG.lutea, play a role inG. luteaflower color variation, by answering the following questions: (i) Do insect herbivores and grazing livestock show flower color preferences when feeding onG. lutea? (ii) Do mutualists (pollinators) and antagonists (seed predators, insect herbivores and livestock) jointly affectG. luteareproductive success? Insect herbivores fed more often on yellow flowering individuals but they did not affect seed production, whereas livestock affected seed production but did not show clear color preferences. Our data indicate that flower color variation ofG. luteais not affected by insect herbivores or grazing livestock.

scholarly journals Flower color preferences of insects and livestock: effects on Gentiana lutea reproductive success

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mar Sobral ◽  
María Losada ◽  
Tania Veiga ◽  
Javier Guitián ◽  
José Guitián ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Success ◽  
Seed Production ◽  
Flower Color ◽  
Color Variation ◽  
Insect Herbivores ◽  
Nw Spain ◽  
Color Preferences ◽  
Seed Predators ◽  
Gentiana Lutea ◽  
Grazing Livestock

Angiosperms diversification was primarily driven by pollinator agents, but non-pollinator agents also promoted floral evolution. Gentiana lutea shows pollinator driven flower color variation in NW Spain. We test whether insect herbivores and livestock, which frequently feed in G.lutea, play a role in G. lutea flower color variation, by answering the following questions: i) Do insect herbivores and grazing livestock show flower color preferences when feeding on G. lutea? ii) Do mutualists (pollinators) and antagonists (seed predators, insect herbivores and livestock) jointly affect G. lutea reproductive success? Insect herbivores fed more often on yellow flowering individuals but they did not affect seed production whereas livestock affected seed production but did not show clear color preferences. Our data indicate that flower color variation of G. lutea is not affected by insect herbivores or grazing livestock.

scholarly journals Flower color preferences of insects and livestock: effects on Gentiana lutea reproductive success

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mar Sobral ◽  
María Losada ◽  
Tania Veiga ◽  
Javier Guitián ◽  
José Guitián ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Success ◽  
Seed Production ◽  
Flower Color ◽  
Color Variation ◽  
Insect Herbivores ◽  
Nw Spain ◽  
Color Preferences ◽  
Seed Predators ◽  
Gentiana Lutea ◽  
Grazing Livestock

Angiosperms diversification was primarily driven by pollinator agents, but non-pollinator agents also promoted floral evolution. Gentiana lutea shows pollinator driven flower color variation in NW Spain. We test whether insect herbivores and livestock, which frequently feed in G.lutea, play a role in G. lutea flower color variation, by answering the following questions: i) Do insect herbivores and grazing livestock show flower color preferences when feeding on G. lutea? ii) Do mutualists (pollinators) and antagonists (seed predators, insect herbivores and livestock) jointly affect G. lutea reproductive success? Insect herbivores fed more often on yellow flowering individuals but they did not affect seed production whereas livestock affected seed production but did not show clear color preferences. Our data indicate that flower color variation of G. lutea is not affected by insect herbivores or grazing livestock.

scholarly journals Why Variation in Flower Color May Help Reproductive Success in the Endangered Australian Orchid Caladenia fulva

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Georgia Basist ◽  
Adrian G. Dyer ◽  
Jair E. Garcia ◽  
Ruth E. Raleigh ◽  
Ann C. Lawrie
Keyword(s):  
Seed Viability ◽  
Its Region ◽  
Flower Color ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Seed Collection ◽  
Artificial Pollination ◽  
Flower Color Polymorphism ◽  
Open Woodland ◽  
Color Variants

Caladenia fulva G.W. Carr (Tawny Spider-orchid) is a terrestrial Australian endangered orchid confined to contiguous reserves in open woodland in Victoria, Australia. Natural recruitment is poor and no confirmed pollinator has been observed in the last 30 years. Polymorphic variation in flower color complicates plans for artificial pollination, seed collection and ex situ propagation for augmentation or re-introduction. DNA sequencing showed that there was no distinction among color variants in the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region and the chloroplast trnT-trnF and matK regions. Also, authentic specimens of both C. fulva and Caladenia reticulata from the reserves clustered along with these variants, suggesting free interbreeding. Artificial cross-pollination in situ and assessment of seed viability further suggested that no fertility barriers existed among color variants. Natural fruit set was 15% of the population and was proportional to numbers of the different flower colors but varied with orchid patch within the population. Color modeling on spectral data suggested that a hymenopteran pollinator could discriminate visually among color variants. The similarity in fruiting success, however, suggests that flower color polymorphism may avoid pollinator habituation to specific non-rewarding flower colors. The retention of large brightly colored flowers suggests that C. fulva has maintained attractiveness to foraging insects rather than evolving to match a scarce unreliable hymenopteran sexual pollinator. These results suggest that C. fulva should be recognized as encompassing plants with these multiple flower colors, and artificial pollination should use all variants to conserve the biodiversity of the extant population.

scholarly journals FREQUENCY-DEPENDENT VARIATION FOR OUTCROSSING RATE AMONG FLOWER-COLOR MORPHS OFIPOMOEA PURPUREA

Evolution ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 41 (6) ◽  
pp. 1302-1311 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bryan K. Epperson ◽  
Michael T. Clegg
Keyword(s):  
Flower Color ◽  
Outcrossing Rate ◽  
Frequency Dependent ◽  
Color Morphs

Pollination and Seed Set of Banksia spinulosa: Evidence for Autogamy

1988 ◽  
Vol 36 (6) ◽  
pp. 633 ◽  
Author(s):  
G Vaughton
Keyword(s):  
New England ◽  
Breeding System ◽  
Seed Weight ◽  
National Park ◽  
Fruit Set ◽  
Seed Set ◽  
Pollen Vectors ◽  
Specific Variation ◽  
Number Of Seeds

The breeding system of Banksia spinulosa var. neoanglica in the New England National Park was examined by excluding pollen vectors and hand pollinating inflorescences. Fruit set of xenogamous and open inflorescences was greater than geitonogamous and autogamous treatments, although not all differences were significant. No differences were found in the number of seeds per follicle or seed weight between treatments. A reduced number of follicles and smaller seeds occurred in the apical third of inflorescences in all treatments. This report of autogamous seed set contrasts with previous findings for this species and indicates intra-specific variation in the breeding system.

Growth and reproduction of American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius) in Wisconsin, U.S.A.

1982 ◽  
Vol 60 (12) ◽  
pp. 2692-2696 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan G. Carpenter ◽  
Grant Cottam
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Success ◽  
Seed Set ◽  
Panax Quinquefolius ◽  
Natural Forests ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Plant Stage ◽  
Number Of Leaves ◽  
Wild Ginseng ◽  
Number Of Seeds ◽  
Growth And Reproduction

The phenology and development of southern Wisconsin populations of wild ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.) are described. In natural forests, ginseng plants grow slowly, and most plants do not reach reproductive maturity until they are at least 8 years old. Ginseng flowers are perfect, but maturity of male and female reproductive parts is separated temporally in each flower. Ginseng individuals are not obligate outcrossers, and the flowers are visited by generalist pollinators. Exclusion of pollinators did not reduce fruit or seed set. Aging techniques usually underestimate age. Number of leaves (plant stage) is a more appropriate indicator of development than is the number of "annual" stem scars on the rhizome. The number of seeds produced by a plant may be predicted from the number of leaves and the leaf area of the largest leaflet. Accurate estimates of the number of ginseng plants in an area can be made by sampling early in the summer. However, projections of survival and reproductive success in a ginseng population must account for mortality and for plants that senesce early in the summer months before producing seeds. We recommend that ginseng harvesting in Wisconsin be allowed only after September 1 to insure that fruits on mature plants are ripe.

The influence of petals on reproductive success in the arctic poppy (Papaver radicatum)

1992 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 200-204 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea L. Corbett ◽  
Pam G. Krannitz ◽  
Lonnie W. Aarssen
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Success ◽  
Light Intensity ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Treatment Effect ◽  
Seed Weight ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Individual Plant ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Number Of Seeds

The flowers of the arctic poppy (Papaver radicatum L.) track the sun, and the petals of the flowers reflect light towards the ovary. This study investigated the importance of petals to reproductive success in this species. We measured light intensity, ovary temperature, seed weight, and number of seeds produced by flowers that had their petals removed versus flowers with their petals intact. Flowers without petals do not track the sun. Irradiance was greater when the photocell was held coincident with the angle of sun-tracking flowers than when facing upward. Flowers with petals had significantly higher overy temperatures both at the ovary surface and in the ovary interior than did flowers lacking petals. In pairs of flowers on the same individual plant, those with their petals removed had significantly fewer and smaller seeds than control flowers with petals intact. There were site differences in the significance of the treatment effect, but not in the magnitude of the differences between flowers with and without petals. Therefore, the presence of petals resulted in increased irradiance and temperature at and in the ovary, which affected reproductive success. Key words: heliotropism, Papaver radicatum, petals, reproductive success, temperature.

scholarly journals Prediction Equations for Black Spruce Seed Production and Dispersal in Northern Ontario

1982 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 96-99 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Payandeh ◽  
V. F. Haavisto
Keyword(s):  
Seed Production ◽  
Nonlinear Regression ◽  
Picea Mariana ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Seed Viability ◽  
Original Data ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Northern Ontario ◽  
Solution Of Equations ◽  
Number Of Seeds

Nonlinear regression equations were developed to describe seed production and dispersal in black spruce (Picea mariana [Mill.]B.S.P.)in northern Ontario. Solution of the equations can provide useful information beyond the range of the original data, because of the flexibility of the models used. For example, solution of equations 1-3 indicates that cones from intermediate crown class trees initially have about twice as many seeds as those of either the dominant or codominant trees, but disperse their seeds at a much faster rate. Average number of seeds per cone for all three crown classes is about 7 after 10 years. Older cones of the intermediate crown class trees have fewest seeds per cone. Solution of equation 4 indicates that average seed viability is about 53% and decreases only slightly during the first three years. It then decreases very rapidly up to 12 years to about 5%. Similarly, equations 6 and 7 may be solved to determine an optimum strip-cut width for sufficient seedfall across the strip to produce satisfactory regeneration.

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