scholarly journals Dropping behaviour of pea aphid nymphs increases their development time and reduces their reproductive capacity as adults

PeerJ ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. e2236 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara Agabiti ◽  
Roxanne J. Wassenaar ◽  
Linton Winder
Keyword(s):  
Host Plant ◽  
Development Time ◽  
Acyrthosiphon Pisum ◽  
Reproductive Potential ◽  
Aphid Species ◽  
Pea Aphid ◽  
Reproductive Capacity ◽  
Feeding Time ◽  
Physiological Cost ◽  
Negative Effect

Background.Many aphid species, including the pea aphidAcyrthosiphon pisum, exhibit a behaviour where they drop or fall from their host plant, a commonly used strategy to avoid predation, parasitism or physical disturbance. We hypothesised that there was a physiological non-consumptive cost due to such dropping behaviour because aphids would expend energy re-establishing themselves on a host plant and also lose feeding time.Methods.We evaluated this non-consumptive cost by determining the development time and reproductive potential of pea aphids that whilst developing as nymphs had regularly dropped to the ground following dislodgment from their host plant. Using a microcosm approach, in a replicated and balanced laboratory experiment, we caused aphid dropping behaviour by tapping the plants on which they were feeding.Results.The results demonstrated that disturbance by dropping behaviour increased nymphal development time and reduced their subsequent reproductive capacity as adults.Discussion.We conclude that dropping behaviour had a strong negative effect on the development of nymphs and their subsequent reproductive capacity. This implies that the physiological cost of such a behaviour choice is substantial, and that such avoidance strategies require a trade-off which reduces the capacity of a population to increase.

scholarly journals Trehalose and glucose levels regulate feeding behavior of the phloem-feeding insect, the pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum Harris

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Guang Wang ◽  
Jing-Jiang Zhou ◽  
Yan Li ◽  
Yuping Gou ◽  
Peter Quandahor ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Feeding Behavior ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Acyrthosiphon Pisum ◽  
Pea Aphid ◽  
Feeding Time ◽  
Electrical Penetration Graph ◽  
Glucose Content ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Phloem Feeding ◽  
Trehalose Content

AbstractTrehalose serves multifarious roles in growth and development of insects. In this study, we demonstrated that the high trehalose diet increased the glucose content, and high glucose diet increased the glucose content but decreased the trehalose content of Acyrthosiphon pisum. RNA interference (RNAi) of trehalose-6-phosphate synthase gene (ApTPS) decreased while RNAi of trehalase gene (ApTRE) increased the trehalose and glucose contents. In the electrical penetration graph experiment, RNAi of ApTPS increased the percentage of E2 waveform and decreased the percentage of F and G waveforms. The high trehalose and glucose diets increased the percentage of E2 waveform of A. pisum red biotype. The correlation between feeding behavior and sugar contents indicated that the percentage of E1 and E2 waveforms were increased but np, C, F and G waveforms were decreased in low trehalose and glucose contents. The percentage of np, E1 and E2 waveforms were reduced but C, F and G waveforms were elevated in high trehalose and glucose contents. The results suggest that the A. pisum with high trehalose and glucose contents spent less feeding time during non-probing phase and phloem feeding phase, but had an increased feeding time during probing phase, stylet work phase and xylem feeding phase.

Escape behaviour of the pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris) in response to alarm pheromone and vibration

1982 ◽  
Vol 60 (10) ◽  
pp. 2245-2252 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. Clegg ◽  
C. A. Barlow
Keyword(s):  
Host Plant ◽  
Alarm Pheromone ◽  
Acyrthosiphon Pisum ◽  
Pea Aphid ◽  
Escape Behaviour ◽  
Pea Aphids ◽  
Escape Responses

Pea aphids respond most effectively to the threat of a predator by walking away or dropping from their host plant. Simulating threat by using vibration and alarm pheromone, both separately and together, we found no evidence that escape responses are heritable, nor that individual aphids have characteristic escape behaviours. On the contrary, the amount of alarm pheromone influenced responses: the more pheromone, the more likely an immediate and effective escape. Vibration preceding alarm pheromone greatly increased responsiveness to pheromone, and aphids were more responsive to pheromone after vibration when feeding on stems than when feeding on the undersides of leaves.

scholarly journals Epiphytic strains of Pseudomonas syringae kill diverse aphid species.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melanie R. Smee ◽  
Imperio Real-Ramirez ◽  
Catalina Zuluaga Arias ◽  
Tory A. Hendry
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Pseudomonas Syringae ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Acyrthosiphon Pisum ◽  
Rhopalosiphum Padi ◽  
Aphid Species ◽  
Pea Aphid ◽  
Oral Exposure ◽  
Pest Species ◽  
Epiphytic Bacteria

Interactions between epiphytic bacteria and herbivorous insects are ubiquitous on plants, but little is known about their ecological implications. Aphids are devastating crop pests worldwide, and so understanding how epiphytic bacteria impact aphid populations is critically important. Recent evidence demonstrates that plant-associated bacteria, such as Pseudomonas syringae, can be highly virulent to one species of aphid, the pea aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum). Yet currently we have no knowledge on how broad this phenomenon is across diverse aphid species that are of high agricultural concern. In controlled experiments using oral exposure in artificial diet, we challenged five aphid species of agricultural importance with three strains of P. syringae that vary in virulence to the pea aphid. These strains also vary in epiphytic ability and comprise two phytopathogens and one non-plant pathogenic strain. In general, differences in virulence to aphids remained relatively constant across strains regardless of the aphid species, except for the bird cherry-oat aphid (Rhopalosiphum padi) which is significantly less susceptible to two P. syringae strains. We demonstrate that lower infection incidence likely plays a role in the reduced susceptibility. Importantly, these data support previous results showing that interactions with epiphytic bacteria are important for aphids and may play a large, but underappreciated, role in insect population dynamics. Our study illustrates a potential role of epiphytic bacteria in the biological control of aphid pests broadly, but suggests the need for more research encompassing a greater diversity of pest species. Importance Sap-sucking aphids are insects of huge agricultural concern, not only because of direct damage caused by feeding, but also because of their ability to transmit various plant pathogens. Some bacteria that grow on leaf surfaces, such as Pseudomonas syringae, can infect and kill aphids, making them potentially useful in biological control of pest aphids. However, only one aphid species, the pea aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum) has been tested for infection by P. syringae. Here we challenged five aphid species of agricultural importance with three strains of P. syringae that vary in virulence to the pea aphid. We found that four of these aphid species were susceptible to infection and death, suggesting that these bacteria could be broadly useful for biological control. However, one aphid species was much more resistant to infection, indicating that more testing on diverse aphid species is needed.

scholarly journals Emergence sexual maturation and oviposition of Aphidius ervi (Hymenoptera Aphidiidae)

2004 ◽  
Vol 57 ◽  
pp. 214-220 ◽  
Author(s):  
X.Z. He ◽  
Q. Wang ◽  
D.A.J. Teulon
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Sexual Maturation ◽  
Acyrthosiphon Pisum ◽  
Aphid Species ◽  
Pea Aphid ◽  
Aphidius Ervi ◽  
Oviposition Period ◽  
Courtship Display ◽  
Dark Conditions

Aphidius ervi Haliday is an important parasitoid of several aphid species and information is needed for the development of massrearing techniques and better understanding of biological control ecology The emergence sexual maturation and oviposition of A ervi on pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris) was studied in the laboratory at 201deg;C and 6070 RH with 168 h lightdark About 95 of parasitoids emerged during the photophase Females needed a significantly longer time than males to complete their life cycle Newly emerged males were able to perform their courtship display but failed to mate until they were 4 h old; newly emerged females were able to respond to males courtship display and mate Females attacked aphids in both light and dark conditions The number of eggs laid and parasitism (number of aphids parasitised) per oviposition bout (2 h oviposition period) were significantly greater in the photophase than in the scotophase

Factors in Resistance of Peas to the Pea Aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harr.) (Homoptera: Aphididae). I. The Sugar-Nitrogen Ratio

1957 ◽  
Vol 89 (8) ◽  
pp. 365-370 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. B. Maltais ◽  
J. L. Auclair
Keyword(s):  
Host Plant ◽  
Acyrthosiphon Pisum ◽  
Pure Line ◽  
Pea Aphid ◽  
Varietal Resistance ◽  
Resistant Plant ◽  
Controlled Conditions ◽  
Nitrogen Ratio ◽  
Aphid Development ◽  
Resistance Of Varieties

Differences in resistance of varieties of peas to the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harr.), have long ago been shown in the field and by controlled rearings under glass, Russell and Morrison (1924, p. 63) apparently being the First to observe differences. Early investigations at Wisconsin by Searb (1932) showed that pea varieties differ in the number of aphids born upon them. Maltais (1937) corraborated these early findings and reported (1950) the development of a pure-line strain of aphid-resistant pea. The influence of resistance in peas upoil aphid development, reproduction, and longevity as investigated by Harrington (1941) with individual plants under controlled conditions in the greenhouse. His results confirmed the inability of the insect to develop and reproduce as fast on a resistant plant as on a susceptible one. Tt has been postulated that the composition of the available food in the host plant plays possibly the most important role in determining the resistance to aphid attack (Evans, 1938; Painter, 1941). Maltais (1948), Auclair and Maltais (1950), and Maltais (1951) gave preliminary reports on the probable factors in varietal resistance in peas.

Overwintering Egg Populations of the Pea Aphid in East Anglia

1955 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 389-392 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Dunn ◽  
D. W. Wright
Keyword(s):  
Host Plant ◽  
Acyrthosiphon Pisum ◽  
Pea Aphid ◽  
East Anglia ◽  
Peak Number ◽  
Overwintering Mortality

Egg populations of the Pea Aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris), overwintering on lucerne and hop trefoil have been followed. On hop trefoil the overwintering mortality of these eggs was 83 per cent. Although the mortality was apparently less on lucerne, a wide discrepancy existed between the two crops in the ratio between the total numbers of eggs at the beginning of eclosion and the number of Aphids which successfully established themselves the following spring. The peak number of fundatrices on lucerne was three times the egg total at the beginning of eclosion whereas on hop trefoil it was only half. Many more eggs than were recorded were undoubtedly laid on the lucerne plants and the high number of fundatrices subsequently found must have emerged from eggs that had fallen or been knocked off the host-plant.

scholarly journals Effect of Lupin Cyclitols on Pea Aphid Probing Behaviour

2011 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 171-178 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bożena Kordan ◽  
Lesław Lahuta ◽  
Katarzyna Dancewicz ◽  
Wojciech Sądej ◽  
Beata Gabryś
Keyword(s):  
Host Plant ◽  
Acyrthosiphon Pisum ◽  
Initial Period ◽  
Total Duration ◽  
Pea Aphid ◽  
Main Stage ◽  
Electrical Penetration Graph ◽  
Phloem Sap ◽  
Probing Behaviour ◽  
Plant Treatment

Effect of Lupin Cyclitols on Pea Aphid Probing BehaviourThe cyclitols: D-pinitol, D-chiro-inositol are naturally present in the tissues ofLupinus angustifolius. The effect of these cyclitols on the behaviour of the pea associated clone ofAcyrthosiphon pisumduring various stages of probing was studied. The main stage of probing studied was the stylet penetration in mesphyll and vascular bundle. D-pinitol, D-chiro-inositol and their mixture were exogenously applied to peaPisum sativumexplants and the aphid probing behaviour was evaluated using the Electrical Penetration Graph technique (EPG). Feeding of peas with cyclitols at a concentration of 10 mM, caused a selective accumulation of D-pinitol and D-chiro-inositol in stems, leaf petioles, and leaf blades. In aphid bodies, both cyclitols were traced, respectively, to the host plant treatment. The new cyclitols in pea tissues did not significantly affect the total duration and frequency of aphid activities during probing in peripheral as well as vascular tissues. However, the aphid behaviour on cyclitol-treated plants as compared to their behaviour on the control was slightly altered. Non-probing and probing in mesophyl prevailed among aphid activities during the initial period of stylet penetration. Aphids on D-pinitol+D-chiro-inositol-treated plants reached phloem vessels relatively later than aphids on the control and D-chiro-inositol plants. There were recurrent switches between E1 (salivation) and E2 (sap ingestion) patterns in some aphids during the phloem phase on D-pinitol and D-pinitol+D-chiro-inositol - treated plants. This may reflect difficulties in the uptake of the phloem sap, and point to lupin cyclitols as being responsible, at least in part, for the rejection ofL. angustifoliusas a host plant by the pea clone ofA. pisum.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document