scholarly journals Automatic analysis of treadmill running to estimate times to fatigue and exhaustion in rodents

PeerJ ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. e5017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dmitry V. Zaretsky ◽  
Hannah Kline ◽  
Maria V. Zaretskaia ◽  
Daniel E. Rusyniak
Keyword(s):  
Room Temperature ◽  
Tracking System ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Video Tracking ◽  
Automatic Analysis ◽  
Treadmill Running ◽  
Human Observer ◽  
Hot Environment ◽  
The Times ◽  
Automated Video Tracking

Introduction The determination of fatigue and exhaustion in experimental animals is complicated by the subjective nature of the measurement. Typically, it requires an observer to watch exercising animals, e.g. rats running on the treadmill, and to identify the time of the event. In this study, we hypothesized that automatic analysis of the time-averaged position of a rat on a treadmill could be an objective way for estimating times to fatigue and exhaustion. To test this hypothesis, we compared these times measured by a human observer to the results of an automated video tracking system. Methods Rats, previously familiarized to running on the treadmill, ran at a fixed speed with zero incline, until exhaustion. The experiments were performed at either room temperature (24 °C) or in a hot environment (32 °C). Each experiment was video recorded. A trained observer estimated the times to fatigue and exhaustion. Then, video tracking software was used to determine the position of the animals on the treadmill belt. The times to fatigue and exhaustion were determined, based on the position on the treadmill using predefined criteria. Results Manual scores and the average position on the treadmill had significant correlation. Both the observer and the automated video tracking determined that exercise in a hot environment, compared with the exercise at room temperature, results in shorter times to exhaustion and fatigue. Also, estimates of times made by the observer and the automated video tracking were not statistically different from each other. Discussion A similarity between the estimates of times to fatigue and exhaustion made by the observer and the automated technique suggests that video tracking of rodents running on a treadmill can be used to determine both parameters in experimental studies. Video tracking technique allows for a more objective measure and would allow for an increased performance in experimentation. The Supplemental information to this manuscript contains an Excel file, which includes the code in Virtual Basic with freeware license, to process and visualize running data and automatically estimate the times to fatigue and exhaustion. Instructions for the software are also included.

Assessment of scopolamine on learning and memory on PND 22–28 juvenile rats using an automated video tracking system

2012 ◽  
Vol 66 (2) ◽  
pp. 190
Author(s):  
Jonathan D. Toot ◽  
Michelle L. Pershing ◽  
Melissa J. Beck ◽  
Michelle L. Simons ◽  
Donald G. Stump ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Learning And Memory ◽  
Tracking System ◽  
Video Tracking ◽  
Juvenile Rats ◽  
Video Tracking System ◽  
Automated Video Tracking

scholarly journals A Study on Vision-Based Backstepping Control for a Target Tracking System

Actuators ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 105
Author(s):  
Thinh Huynh ◽  
Minh-Thien Tran ◽  
Dong-Hun Lee ◽  
Soumayya Chakir ◽  
Young-Bok Kim
Keyword(s):  
Control System ◽  
Visual Servoing ◽  
Tracking System ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Imaging Geometry ◽  
Control Scheme ◽  
Decoupled Control ◽  
Control Configuration ◽  
A New Technique ◽  
Pointing Control

This paper proposes a new method to control the pose of a camera mounted on a two-axis gimbal system for visual servoing applications. In these applications, the camera should be stable while its line-of-sight points at a target located within the camera’s field of view. One of the most challenging aspects of these systems is the coupling in the gimbal kinematics as well as the imaging geometry. Such factors must be considered in the control system design process to achieve better control performances. The novelty of this study is that the couplings in both mechanism’s kinematics and imaging geometry are decoupled simultaneously by a new technique, so popular control methods can be easily implemented, and good tracking performances are obtained. The proposed control configuration includes a calculation of the gimbal’s desired motion taking into account the coupling influence, and a control law derived by the backstepping procedure. Simulation and experimental studies were conducted, and their results validate the efficiency of the proposed control system. Moreover, comparison studies are conducted between the proposed control scheme, the image-based pointing control, and the decoupled control. This proves the superiority of the proposed approach that requires fewer measurements and results in smoother transient responses.

scholarly journals Possibility of Autonomous Estimation of Shiba Goat’s Estrus and Non-Estrus Behavior by Machine Learning Methods

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 771
Author(s):  
Toshiya Arakawa
Keyword(s):  
Neural Network ◽  
Machine Learning ◽  
Random Forest ◽  
Markov Models ◽  
Tracking System ◽  
Video Tracking ◽  
Training Data ◽  
Support Vector ◽  
Learning Methods ◽  
Machine Learning Methods

Mammalian behavior is typically monitored by observation. However, direct observation requires a substantial amount of effort and time, if the number of mammals to be observed is sufficiently large or if the observation is conducted for a prolonged period. In this study, machine learning methods as hidden Markov models (HMMs), random forests, support vector machines (SVMs), and neural networks, were applied to detect and estimate whether a goat is in estrus based on the goat’s behavior; thus, the adequacy of the method was verified. Goat’s tracking data was obtained using a video tracking system and used to estimate whether they, which are in “estrus” or “non-estrus”, were in either states: “approaching the male”, or “standing near the male”. Totally, the PC of random forest seems to be the highest. However, The percentage concordance (PC) value besides the goats whose data were used for training data sets is relatively low. It is suggested that random forest tend to over-fit to training data. Besides random forest, the PC of HMMs and SVMs is high. However, considering the calculation time and HMM’s advantage in that it is a time series model, HMM is better method. The PC of neural network is totally low, however, if the more goat’s data were acquired, neural network would be an adequate method for estimation.

Recent insights into lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs)

2018 ◽  
Vol 46 (6) ◽  
pp. 1431-1447 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tobias Tandrup ◽  
Kristian E. H. Frandsen ◽  
Katja S. Johansen ◽  
Jean-Guy Berrin ◽  
Leila Lo Leggio
Keyword(s):  
Active Site ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Binding Mode ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Oxygen Species ◽  
Animal Kingdom ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Lytic Polysaccharide Monooxygenases ◽  
Polysaccharide Monooxygenases

Lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) are copper enzymes discovered within the last 10 years. By degrading recalcitrant substrates oxidatively, these enzymes are major contributors to the recycling of carbon in nature and are being used in the biorefinery industry. Recently, two new families of LPMOs have been defined and structurally characterized, AA14 and AA15, sharing many of previously found structural features. However, unlike most LPMOs to date, AA14 degrades xylan in the context of complex substrates, while AA15 is particularly interesting because they expand the presence of LPMOs from the predominantly microbial to the animal kingdom. The first two neutron crystallography structures have been determined, which, together with high-resolution room temperature X-ray structures, have putatively identified oxygen species at or near the active site of LPMOs. Many recent computational and experimental studies have also investigated the mechanism of action and substrate-binding mode of LPMOs. Perhaps, the most significant recent advance is the increasing structural and biochemical evidence, suggesting that LPMOs follow different mechanistic pathways with different substrates, co-substrates and reductants, by behaving as monooxygenases or peroxygenases with molecular oxygen or hydrogen peroxide as a co-substrate, respectively.

Studies Concerning the Corrosion Behaviour of the Cast Stainless Steel Used for Chemical Industry

2013 ◽  
Vol 371 ◽  
pp. 338-342
Author(s):  
Gheorghe Simionescu ◽  
Mirela Gheorghian
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Industry ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Corrosion Behaviour ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Experimental Tests ◽  
Hot Environment ◽  
Chemical Agents ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Cast Stainless Steel

The current work deals with experimental tests concerning the behaviour of different materials used in chemical industry when are exposed to diverse corrosions environments. During the research work four different metals have been tested, namely T15NiCr180, T15MoNiCr180, W4027 and W4059. The presented work is trying to classify the tested materials function to different chemical environment, different concentration of the environment, different temperature of the environment, and different expose time. Some of the substances which were considered as corrosion environment are: HNO3, H3PO4, NaCl, NH4Cl, C2H5OH, Petrol, NH4NO3, KNO3, K2CO3, Na2CO3, KMnO4, KOH and Ca (OH)2. The concentration of the corrosion solutions varies between 1% and 96%. Tests have been done at room temperature and hot environment of 100°C. Time is playing an important role on evolution of the corrosion. For this reason the samples have been analyzed after 48, 336, 720 and 2160 hours of exposes to chemical agents. To understand the comportment of the subject metals when are used in industry, samples have been tested for longer period of time, respectively 1, 3, 6 and 12 months. After each selected period of time the metallic samples were analyzed and measured to quantify the effect of the environment on the corrosion speed.

A Real-Time Video Tracking System

1979 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 180125
Author(s):  
A. L. Gilbert
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Tracking System ◽  
Video Tracking ◽  
Video Tracking System
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