scholarly journals Effects of mortar compressive strength on out of plane response of unreinforced masonry walls

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 371-381
Author(s):  
Atabak Pourmohammad Sorkhab ◽  
◽  
Mesut Küçük ◽  
Ali Sari ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Dissipation ◽  
Unreinforced Masonry ◽  
Infill Wall ◽  
Infill Walls ◽  
Clay Bricks ◽  
Mortar Strength ◽  
Load Carrying ◽  
Out Of Plane ◽  
Structural Behaviors ◽  
Major Crack

In this study, the out-of-plane response of infill walls that are widely used in Turkey and the surrounding regions were experimentally investigated. Several out-of-plane wall tests were performed in the laboratory, with the walls specimens produced with lateral hollow clay bricks (LHCB) and different mortar qualities. The walls were tested in their out-of-plane (OOP) direction under static load conditions and evaluated based on the load-bearing and energy dissipation capacities, crack propagations, mortar strengths, and initial stiffnesses. These walls are experimentally investigated to understand the effects of the mortar strength on the infill wall structural behaviors and to assess the effectiveness of the out-of-plane strength formulations. It was found that when the mortar strength is low, the first major crack occurs at the mortar, however, because of the arch mechanism efficiency in this situation the OOP load-carrying and energy dissipation capacities of unreinforced walls can be significantly increased. When the first major crack in the wall occurs in the brick itself, the arc mechanism is provided with delicate sections in the brick, which leads to strength decreasing in the walls. In this case, excessive deviations occur in the out-of-plane strength formulations estimates. This study shows that the arc mechanism, the damage start region and progress can change significantly unreinforced masonry (URM) infill walls behaviors.

Progressive Collapse Analysis of Reinforced Concrete Frames with Unreinforced Masonry Infill Walls considering In-Plane/Out-of-Plane Interaction

2015 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 921-943 ◽  
Author(s):  
Khalid M. Mosalam ◽  
Selim Günay
Keyword(s):  
Reinforced Concrete ◽  
Shear Failure ◽  
Progressive Collapse ◽  
Unreinforced Masonry ◽  
Concrete Frames ◽  
Infill Wall ◽  
Infill Walls ◽  
Rc Frames ◽  
Out Of Plane ◽  
Plane Interaction

Reinforced concrete (RC) frames with unreinforced masonry (URM) infill walls are commonly used in seismic regions around the world. It is recognized that many buildings of this type perform poorly during earthquakes. Therefore, proper modeling of the infill walls and their effect on RC frames is essential to evaluate the seismic performance of such buildings and to select adequate retrofit methods. Using damage observations of RC buildings with URM infill walls from recent earthquakes, this paper presents a new approach to consider in-plane/out-of-plane interaction of URM infill walls in progressive collapse simulations. In addition, the infill wall effect to induce shear failure of columns is simulated with a nonlinear shear spring modeling approach. The research endeavor is accompanied by implementation of the developed modeling aspects in the publicly available open-source computational platform OpenSees for immediate access by structural engineers and researchers.

SEISMIC BEHAVIOR OF UNREINFORCED CONCRETE MASONRY INFILL WALLS

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ziad Azzi ◽  
Caesar Abi Shdid
Keyword(s):  
Reinforced Concrete ◽  
Ground Motion ◽  
Element Model ◽  
Reinforced Concrete Frame ◽  
Infill Wall ◽  
Infill Walls ◽  
Existing Building ◽  
Masonry Infill ◽  
Masonry Infill Walls ◽  
Out Of Plane

The majority of new and existing building inventories in the Middle East consist of reinforced concrete skeletal structures with outer shells composed of unreinforced masonry infill walls. In the absence of any mandatory seismic design requirements, these buildings will sustain catastrophic damage when exposed to high seismic activity. Investigating the behavior of such infill walls when exposed to ground motion is therefore an important topic. Experimental tests using shake table out-of-plane ground motion of the 1940 El Centro earthquake displacement are conducted on 3:10 scaled specimens of a single story reinforced concrete frame with a masonry infill wall in between. The test specimens are constructed with the same materials and construction practices commonly used in the region. Displacements and strains are compared with a finite element model of the frame. Moreover, the observed overall behavior of the infill is compared to that of the computer model. The recorded strains in the mortar joints exceeded cracking limits, whereas the overall stability of the wall in out-of-plane bending was not compromised. Recommendations on the use of these structural elements are formulated.

scholarly journals The Effects of Plaster Thicknesses on Cyclic Behavior of Infill Walls with Different Materials

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mehmet Emin Arslan ◽  
Elif Ağcakoca ◽  
Merve Şentürk
Keyword(s):  
Energy Dissipation ◽  
Cyclic Behavior ◽  
Dissipated Energy ◽  
Cyclic Loads ◽  
Reinforced Concrete Structure ◽  
Backbone Curve ◽  
Infill Walls ◽  
Load Carrying ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Set Up

Reinforced concrete structure systems are usually designed as frame or shear wall-frame systems. It is possible to reduce the deformation and displacement in the system by increasing the structural stiffness. Besides, large displacements on the floors caused by horizontal load are damped by the cracks in these walls. The present paper aims to examine the effects of materials used in the wall construction as well as thickness of the plaster on the behavior of infill walls under cyclic loads. In order to investigate the above mentioned effects, three Infill walls that were produced from three different materials namely, horizontal hollow bricks, pumice blocks and aerated concrete blocks were tested in three setups (without plaster, with 1 cm plaster and 2.5 cm plaster on it). In order to determine pure wall contribution, the infill walls were placed in a steel frame test set-up which was hinged from all four corners and were then exposed to cyclic loads taking into account the displacement controlled loading protocol proposed in FEMA 461. Right after applying the plaster to the infill walls, load carrying and energy dissipation capacities of the walls were examined comparatively. Load-displacement, backbone curve and cumulative dissipated energy curves of each infill walls are generated using the data collected from the experiments and the infill walls behaviors are graphically explained. Test results showed that existence and thickness of plaster significantly affected cyclic behavior of the test walls by increasing energy dissipation capacities and load carrying capacities.

Seismicity of East Anatolian of Turkey and Failures of Infill Walls Induced by Major Earthquakes

2021 ◽  
pp. 2150017
Author(s):  
Adem Doğangün ◽  
Burak Yön ◽  
Onur Onat ◽  
Mehmet Emin Öncü ◽  
Serkan Sağıroğlu
Keyword(s):  
Structural Damage ◽  
Fault Zones ◽  
Eastern Region ◽  
Damage Evaluation ◽  
Infill Wall ◽  
Infill Walls ◽  
Out Of Plane ◽  
Major Fault ◽  
Van Earthquakes ◽  
In The Beginning

There are three major fault zones in Turkey scattered around the country known as East Anatolian Fault (EAF), North Anatolian Fault (NAF) and Anatolian-Aegean Subduction Zone (AASZ). Last two decades, EAF has been rather quiescent compared with NAF. However, this quiescence was broken in the beginning of the millennium. The strong shaking was started in 2003 with Bingöl earthquake (Mw = 6.3) and the last earthquake on the EAF is the Sivrice-Elazığ (Mw = 6.8) on January 24, 2020. Strong seismicity of these faults damaged the structures severely and caused death of the habitants. This study aims to present, seismotectonic of the region, general characteristics of the earthquakes and more specifically to report structural damage of infill walls of the structure’s damages caused by these earthquakes. Damage evaluation and identification of the observed infill wall damages due to 2003 Bingöl, 2011 Van earthquakes and January 24, 2020 Sivrice-Elazığ earthquake occurred Turkey’s Eastern region, were presented, and possible solutions were suggested. Moreover, the effects of the infill walls on the behavior of structures under static and dynamic load cases are discussed that experienced in these earthquakes. Damages are classified according to formations such as in-plane or out-of-plane, evaluations and the results obtained from the discussions are presented for each category.

scholarly journals Analysis of the out-of-plane capacity of unreinforced masonry infill walls

2017 ◽  
Vol 199 ◽  
pp. 693-698 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Lönhoff ◽  
C. Dobrowolski ◽  
H. Sadegh-Azar
Keyword(s):  
Unreinforced Masonry ◽  
Infill Walls ◽  
Masonry Infill ◽  
Masonry Infill Walls ◽  
Out Of Plane

scholarly journals Seismic Protection of RC Buildings by Polymeric Infill Wall-Frame Interface

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (10) ◽  
pp. 1577
Author(s):  
Ahmet Tugrul Akyildiz ◽  
Alicja Kowalska-Koczwara ◽  
Łukasz Hojdys
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Mode Shapes ◽  
Dimensional Structure ◽  
Seismic Loads ◽  
Rc Buildings ◽  
Infill Wall ◽  
Infill Walls ◽  
Rc Frames ◽  
Out Of Plane ◽  
Real Size

This paper is aimed at investigating the usage of flexible joints in masonry infilled walls surrounded by reinforced concrete (RC) frames. For this purpose, a real-size specimen was numerically created and exposed to the seismic loads. In order to evaluate both in-plane and out-of-plane performances of the infill walls, the system was chosen as a box shaped three-dimensional structure. In total, three different one-story constructions, which have single bays in two perpendicular directions, were modeled. The first type is the bare-frame without the infill walls, which was determined as a reference system. The second and third types of buildings are conventional mortar joint and PolyUrethane Flexible Joint (PUFJ) implemented ones, respectively. The influence of these joints on the material level are investigated in detail. Furthermore, general building dynamic characteristics were extracted by means of acceleration and displacement results as well as frequency domain mode shapes. Analyses revealed that PUFJ implementation on such buildings has promising outcomes and helps to sustain structural stability against the detrimental effects of earthquakes.

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