scholarly journals Kazakhstan experience in adopting NEBA within its legal framework

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dinara Amanzholova ◽  
Peter M. Taylor ◽  
Aliya Sadvokassova ◽  
Gulnara Dospayeva
Keyword(s):  
Oil Spill ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Practical Implementation ◽  
Environmental Benefit ◽  
Response Options ◽  
Contingency Plans ◽  
Implementation Methodology ◽  
National Industry ◽  
International Experts ◽  
Simulation Exercises

ABSTRACT Kazakhstan's legal framework concerning oil spill issues has been reviewed and updated during 2015–2019, driven by the adoption of good international practice. Ensuring the full response toolkit is available and options are chosen to mitigate the overall impact of an incident were critical principles. The Oil Spill Preparedness Regional Initiative (OSPRI), in conjunction with national industry (North Caspian Operating Company - NCOC and KazMunaiGaz - KMG), shared the net Environmental Benefit Analysis (NEBA) approach and later the Spill Impact Mitigation Assessment (SIMA) with key agencies and authorities as part of this effort. As the first step, workshops and seminars on NEBA were organized at local and national levels. These were facilitated by international experts and national consultants to build awareness and understanding. The second step was to embed NEBA within the legal framework. The legal system has a strong hierarchy including Codes, Laws and Orders. The National Contingency Plan (2015), approved by Order, acknowledged NEBA and gave impetus to develop additional legislation on the NEBA process. To ensure proper legal force, it was suggested to embed NEBA higher up the hierarchy, in the Subsoil Use Code (2017). Practical implementation of NEBA (during simulation exercises) and review by authorities of a draft NEBA report prepared by NCOC, revealed that the process required further clarification. It was not clear how NEBA should be presented in contingency plans, for authorities' review and approval i.e. whether it should be a separate report or incorporated within the plan. It was mooted that proposed amendments to the Environmental Code would aid clarification. In order to support a coherent process of contingency plans' approval, NEBA should be supported by a suitable and recognized implementation methodology. The SIMA methodology has been proposed as an option in Kazakhstan. Work on the Environmental Code's amendments, incorporating suitable clarifications, is expected to be completed in 2020. Based on the experience of NEBA adoption in Kazakhstan, cooperation between industry and authorities, exercises and workshops leads to positive results. The process has taken some years, as capacity building and legislative developments were required, but is reaching a successful conclusion. This will inform the choice of response options for any future incidents, to achieve least overall ecological and socio-economic impacts.

GUIDELINES FOR DISPERSANT USE IN NEW ZEALAND1

2001 ◽  
Vol 2001 (2) ◽  
pp. 1185-1194
Author(s):  
Leigh M. Stevens ◽  
John T. Roosen ◽  
Paul Irving
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Decision Maker ◽  
Oil Spill ◽  
Environmental Benefit ◽  
Response Options ◽  
Marine Oil ◽  
Response Planning ◽  
Flexible Framework ◽  
Key Questions

ABSTRACT This paper describes guidelines for making decisions on dispersant use in New Zealand. The guidelines are designed to facilitate and document rapid and justifiable decisions for dispersant use during a marine oil spill, and were developed by modifying existing international models and information to suit N.Z. requirements. They are based around a simple flowchart that highlights the key questions that need to be answered during a spill. Each key question in the flowchart is linked to supporting information that provides further details, or directs the decision maker—normally a statutorily appointed On-Scene Commander (OSC)—to where the information can be obtained. Although dispersant use is pre-approved in virtually all N.Z. waters, the guidelines do not provide hard and fast rules for when dispersants should or should not be used. The OSC is expected to judge, based on the information available and the type of values requiring protection, whether a dispersant response will result in a net environmental benefit, either on its own, or in combination with other response options. The guidelines provide a simple way to collect the information required to make decisions about dispersant use within a rapid, systematic, and flexible framework, with supporting information available where needed to make and document dispersant decisions. The guidelines are designed specifically for use during a spill response, and as such are self-contained, concise, and easy to read, and allow quick access to the information essential for deciding about dispersant use. While they rely on the decision maker being knowledgeable about dispersant issues, they generally will be of value to anyone involved in spill response planning and decision making.

A NOVEL METHODOLOGY FOR NET ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFIT ANALYSIS (SPILL IMPACT MITIGATION ASSESSMENT)

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 (1) ◽  
pp. 2454-2474 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter M. TAYLOR ◽  
Martin A. CRAMER
Keyword(s):  
Oil Spill ◽  
Qualitative Methodology ◽  
Stakeholder Involvement ◽  
Response Strategy ◽  
Strategy Development ◽  
Benefit Analysis ◽  
Environmental Benefit ◽  
Response Options ◽  
Impact Mitigation ◽  
Independent Expert

ABSTRACT A key objective for any oil spill response is to minimize the impacts to ecological, socio-economic and cultural resources at risk. To that end, the contingency planners and incident managers have traditionally utilized a formal or informal Net Environmental Benefit Analysis (NEBA) for selecting the most appropriate response option(s) to minimize spill impacts and promote recovery. The processes used to conduct a NEBA have varied considerably between industry operators, though the outcomes in terms of strategy development have been similar. This variation in NEBA approaches can lead to challenges with communicating the underlying basis of response strategies to stakeholders. The oil industry published updated guidance in 2015 to explain the general principles of the NEBA process and facilitate stakeholder involvement. However, with industry’s increasing reliance on NEBA to enhance the transparency of response strategy development, a consistent methodology for conducting formal NEBAs was required. In response to the above issue key industry Associations (API, IOGP and IPIECA) initiated a collaborative project on developing a qualitative NEBA methodology that can be utilized if other, fit-for-purpose NEBA methodologies are not applicable or available. Industry has also begun transitioning to a more representative term for the NEBA process which is Spill Impact Mitigation Assessment (SIMA). Therefore, the SIMA term is used henceforth but it is important to note that the method described herein is not exclusive to the SIMA term and, as with NEBA, only represents one of many approaches that can be utilized to conduct a SIMA. This qualitative methodology is designed to give a consistent approach to larger or higher consequence oil spill scenarios, where multiple spill response options are being considered and a formal SIMA is warranted. Several industry spill response specialists and an independent expert participated in this project, resulting in the development of Guidance on Implementing Spill Impact Mitigation Assessment (IPIECA-IOGP-API 2017 in press).

scholarly journals Spill Impact Mitigation Assessment Case Study: Dispersants Use in Shallow Waters of Northern Caspian Sea

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Victoria Broje ◽  
Nazgul Utegen
Keyword(s):  
Oil Spill ◽  
Caspian Sea ◽  
Economic Impacts ◽  
Careful Analysis ◽  
Shallow Waters ◽  
Environmental Benefit ◽  
Response Options ◽  
Impact Mitigation ◽  
Trade Offs

ABSTRACT Net Environmental Benefit Analysis (NEBA) and Spill Impact Mitigation Assessment (SIMA), a broader version of NEBA, are structured approaches used by response decision-makers and stakeholders during oil spill preparedness and response to compare available oil spill response options and identify those that have best potential to reduce environmental and socio-economic impacts and facilitate fastest recovery. The process comprises four stages: evaluate data, predict outcomes, balance trade-offs and select the best response options. This paper describes a case study of Spill Impact Mitigation Assessment conducted for shallow waters of North Caspian Sea. As a part of this analysis several steps were undertaken: - Environmental conditions in the area were characterized and critical environmental and socio-economic resources were identified;- Trajectory modeling was conducted for different seasons to evaluate oil fate and behavior with and without response techniques;- Impacts of a base scenario (no response) was compared to impacts of scenarios where different response techniques were used;- SIMA methodology was used to rank response techniques based on their ability to minimize environmental and socio-economic impacts;- Optimal combination of response options for each scenario was selected. This case study demonstrated how SIMA methodology could be applied even in challenging locations requiring careful analysis of environmental and socio-economic tradeoffs to ensure that selection of response strategies is supported by best available science.

Properties, Preparation and Application of Oil Spill Dispersant

2014 ◽  
Vol 955-959 ◽  
pp. 140-143
Author(s):  
Wei Shen ◽  
Zhi Xia Wang ◽  
Rong Chang Chen ◽  
Chun Ling Liu
Keyword(s):  
Oil Spill ◽  
Oil Pollution ◽  
Environmentally Friendly ◽  
Environmental Benefit ◽  
Mechanical Recycling ◽  
Response Options ◽  
Oil Spill Dispersants

The oil spill dispersant called “elimination agent of oil” is used to disperse the oil slicks to facilitate the natural elimination of oil. Oil spill dispersants are used to enhance the rate of natural dispersion of an oil spill at sea. There is growing acceptance worldwide that use of dispersants to counter the effects of an oil spill offers many advantages and can often result in a net environmental benefit when considered in relation to other response options. Timely spraying oil spill dispersants is the main measures to remove surface oil pollution and to prevent fires, when mechanical recycling cannot be used in case of emergency. Efficient and environmentally friendly oil spill dispersant meet both the emulsification dispersion and zero pollution to the environment, and has been more widely used and developed.

scholarly journals A Simulation-based Contingency Planning Tool for Offshore Oil Spill Response

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xudong Ye ◽  
Bing Chen ◽  
Kenneth Lee ◽  
Rune Storesund
Keyword(s):  
Oil Spill ◽  
Marine Environment ◽  
Response Selection ◽  
Contingency Planning ◽  
Response Options ◽  
Agent Based ◽  
Incident Command ◽  
Contingency Plans ◽  
Offshore Oil ◽  
Over Time

Session: (PS-03) Response The improvement of offshore oil spill responses efficiency to minimize economic and environmental impacts has become a major need worldwide. This paper presents an Oil Spill Simulation and Response Selection tool (OSSRS) for international applications that is designed to support spill response contingency planning by industry and government. This proposed tool combines the advantages of currently efficient oil spill tools (i.e., Response Options Calculator (ROC) and Incident Command System (ICS)) and upgrades the capabilities of spill simulation and response selection by integrating a new Agent-Based Modeling (ABM) software platform, scenarios of icy marine environment and a new optimization module developed by Northern Region Persistent Organic Pollution Control Laboratory (NRPOP Lab). The agent-based offshore oil spill simulation module has been developed to simulate the over-time changes of oil spill behaviors and characteristics as well as the actions of and interactions among individual devices and/or response centre. The simulation tool can consider an offshore spill with multiple slicks and multiple means of response techniques (e.g., booming, skimmers, dispersant, in-situ burning). The effects of oil weathering and characteristics include slick thickness, viscosity, remaining oil volume, affected area, temperature, ice cover, evaporation, dispersion, and emulsification, etc. The optimization module can provide contingency plans of response selections and resource allocation with a minimal demand of response sources. Response time, response cost, and environmental sensitivity and impacts are considered as three criteria for planning and decision making. A hypothetic case in the North Atlantic is applied to examine the efficiency of the proposed tool under an icy marine environment. Based on the result, OSSRS has a comparable capacity. The system has considerable scalability. The response capabilities and simulation modules can be adjusted according to needs. Requirements for levels of response competency may change over time or from different stakeholders. The proposed tool is a powerful and useful tool to help decision makers for oil spill responses by providing the optimal contingency plans under different requirements of criteria.

NET ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFIT ANALYSIS BY APPLICATION OF GIS-A SYSTEMATIC APPROACH IN A REGION OF HIGH BIODIVERSITY AND INCREASING COMPLEXITY IN OIL PRODUCTION

2005 ◽  
Vol 2005 (1) ◽  
pp. 1095-1098
Author(s):  
Geir Morten Skeie ◽  
Frode Engen ◽  
Odd Willy Brude ◽  
Marit E. Randall
Keyword(s):  
Oil Spill ◽  
Marine Mammals ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Benefit Analysis ◽  
Environmental Benefit ◽  
Alternative Response ◽  
Response Options ◽  
Response Strategies ◽  
Oil Spill Response

ABSTRACT The Norwegian Continental Shelf (NCS) extends from latitude 56° to 71°. Along the 82,000 km coastline and offshore, biodiversity is high, with large populations of fish, seabirds and marine mammals. In terms of oil and gas production, there is an increasing diversity in technical structures, water depth, and oil types, as recovery proceeds to smaller reservoirs. This calls for a high degree of flexibility in oil spill response strategies. According to Norwegian regulations, alternative response strategies must be analysed in a standardized way, including Net Environmental Benefit Analyses (NEBA). For this purpose, a GIS based method has been developed for net environmental benefit analysis of different oil spill response options for the NCS. Through a GIS interface, the user can interactively select a release location, an oil type, and a month for the oil spill. A standard map is generated, showing areas where different oil response strategies pose a net environmental benefit, net environmental loss, or a conflict.

What makes a great oil spill forecast?

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 (1) ◽  
pp. 2017-190
Author(s):  
Jonathan Griffiths ◽  
Liam Harrington-Missin ◽  
Sarah Hall
Keyword(s):  
Oil Spill ◽  
Marine Environment ◽  
Action Plan ◽  
Response Strategy ◽  
Environmental Benefit ◽  
Effective Response ◽  
Response Options ◽  
Response Strategies ◽  
Weathering Processes ◽  
Extra Step

Abstract (ID2017-190)This paper identifies the key information that should be included in an operational oil spill forecast. It shows how modellers convert huge quantities of data into a readily accessible modelling forecast report that can be rapidly interpreted and incorporated into the incident action plan.Effective response strategies can minimise the potentially devastating consequences of an oil spill. To protect nearby socio-economic and ecological sensitivities a response strategy needs to be implemented quickly.Oil spill forecasts help predict the behaviour of oil that has been spilled into the marine environment. These predictions are highly useful when planning response strategies for the coming days. Key operational information derived from oil spill forecasts can be broken down into two main areas:1. Where is oil expected to travel?By knowing where oil is expected to travel, response organisations can decide which sensitivities need protection. Forecasts will show if oil is predicted to reach fisheries, shorelines and other important resources. This information can be used within a Net Environmental Benefit Analysis (NEBA) to decide which sensitivities to prioritise for protection.2. What is expected to happen to the physical properties of the spilled oil?Once oil enters the marine environment it is subjected to weathering processes such as spreading, evaporation and biodegradation. These processes change the chemical makeup of the oil which usually becomes more viscous and can form emulsion. Information obtained from modelling can help decision makers choose the correct response options and equipment to use during a spill. For example, if a modelling forecast shows oil is likely to become highly viscous responders will know heavy oil skimmers will be needed if offshore recovery is to take place.The information referred to above can be extracted from the vast amount of data that is created when an oil spill model is run. As Incident Managers need to make informed decisions quickly, it is essential that oil spill forecasts are presented in a clear and concise fashion. From experience, it is often this extra step of making the data easily accessible to the decision maker that is overlooked and is of most value in a response.This means that response modellers need to be trained, not only in the science of oil spill modelling, but also in the art of conveying complex information to a range of end users from oil spill experts to interested members of the public.

THE APPROACHES TO THE SOLVING ENVIRONMENTAL AND ECONOMIC PROBLEMS OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT ON THE SHELF OF THE ARCTIC SEAS OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Krivichev ◽  
Alexander Krivichev
Keyword(s):  
Continental Shelf ◽  
Oil Spill ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Marginal Stability ◽  
Environmental Benefit ◽  
Arctic Seas ◽  
Dynamic Simulations ◽  
Economic Problems ◽  
Technogenic Loads ◽  
Oil Spill Response

Russian Arctic shelf - rich larder of the hydrocarbons, at the same time Northern Sea Route (NSR) - a strategically important route for transporting them. The extraction and the transportation of the hydrocarbons along the NSR requires the solution of a number of ecological and economic problems in the first place to ensure environmental and technogenic safety. For the solving of these problems on the continental shelf it is required a system of comprehensive measures: - the development of the regulatory framework for environmental support oil and gas projects; - the introduction and use of integrated methods for monitoring environmental conditions at the sites of technogenic loads on the shelf of the Arctic seas, including the use of drones; - creating different models for assessing the marginal stability of ecosystems to technogenic loads during production and transportation of hydrocarbons on the continental shelf based on systems of dynamic simulations; - the development and use of sensitivity maps of coastal areas of the Arctic seas during oil spill response; - accounting of the results of the analysis of the total environmental benefit in the development of oil spill response plans; - application of the principle of "zero" resetting, due to the high fishery valuation in Barents and Kara seas and the conservation of marine biological resources.

UNNECESSARILY NEGLECTED IN PLANNING: ILLUSTRATION OF A PRACTICAL APPROACH TO IDENTIFY HUMAN DIMENSION IMPACTS OF MARINE OIL SPILLS

2012 ◽  
Vol 14 (02) ◽  
pp. 1250012 ◽  
Author(s):  
FABIENNE LORD ◽  
SETH TULER ◽  
THOMAS WEBLER ◽  
KIRSTIN DOW
Keyword(s):  
Emergency Response ◽  
Oil Spill ◽  
Damage Assessment ◽  
Oil Spills ◽  
Social Systems ◽  
Human Dimensions ◽  
Contingency Planning ◽  
Human Dimension ◽  
Contingency Plans ◽  
Negative Impacts

Technological hazards research, including that on oil spills and their aftermath, is giving greater attention to human dimension impacts resulting from events and response. While oil spill contingency planners recognize the importance of human dimension impacts, little systematic attention is given to them in contingency plans. We introduce an approach to identifying human dimensions impacts using concepts from hazard and vulnerability assessment and apply it to the Bouchard-120 oil spill in Buzzards Bay, MA. Our assessment covers the spill, emergency response, clean-up, damage assessment, and mid-term recovery. This approach, while still exploratory, did demonstrate that the spill produced a range of positive and negative impacts on people and institutions and that these were mediated by vulnerabilities. We suggest ways in which the framework may help spill managers to learn from events and improve contingency planning by anticipating risks to social systems and identifying strategies to reduce impacts.

Legal Practice in the Southern Leon and Castile of the 12th Century: a Borderline State

Istoriya ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (9 (107)) ◽  
pp. 0
Author(s):  
Galina Popova
Keyword(s):  
Legal Framework ◽  
Practical Implementation ◽  
Legal Tradition ◽  
Legal Norms ◽  
Legal Proceedings ◽  
Legal Traditions ◽  
12Th Century ◽  
History Of ◽  
Normative Basis ◽  
Judicial Proceedings

The article is devoted to the legal history of the lands of the Kingdom of Toledo in the first two hundred years after the Christian reconquest. The assimilation of the conquered lands by the new political power, preserving the border position, leads to the emergence of a special legal tradition, typical for other similar territories, which received the general name “extremadura” — “borderland”. The Fueros, created in the Kingdom of Toledo, from the very beginning, firmly linked the territorial and personal nature of the legal norms included in their texts. The formation of local legal traditions took place with the active participation of the local elite, which was reflected in the editing of Fuero texts. The inhabitants of Toledo were supposed to use the Visigothic "Liber iudiciorum" as a normative basis for legal proceedings, but at the same time maintained the legitimate possibility of resorting to norms of a different origin, the so-called “Fuero of Castilians”. The lack of a strict systematization in the legal framework of the proceedings was reflected in the organization of judicial officials in Toledo. The good preservation of the local act material allows us to consider in more detail the practical implementation of the legal norm in the process of judicial proceedings, recorded in Arabic in the protocol of the end of the 8th century.

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