scholarly journals Partially Purified 3-Mercaptopyruvate Sulphurtransferase Obtained from the Intestine of Cane Rat (Thryonomys swinderianus) as a Detoxifier of Cyanide

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
A. A. Sanni ◽  
O. M. Ige ◽  
G. B. Olagunju ◽  
B. A. Olukade
Keyword(s):  
Significant Role ◽  
Specific Activity ◽  
Potassium Cyanide ◽  
Cyanogenic Glycosides ◽  
Cyanide Poisoning ◽  
Plant Materials ◽  
Thryonomys Swinderianus ◽  
Herbivorous Animal ◽  
Detoxifying Enzyme ◽  
Animal Consumption

Cane rat (Thryonomys swinderianus) is an herbivorous animal which feeds on plant materials, including cassavas that are known to contain cyanogenic glycosides. Cyanide or cyanogenic glycosides are known to be toxic for animal consumption. Therefore, Cane rat must have an inherent mechanism for detoxifying cyanide to be able to survive on its food. Previous works on 3MST have been done on several tissues of cane rats other than the intestine. In this work, we characterized and explored a partially purified 3MST (cyanide detoxifying enzyme) from the intestine of a cane rat for a possible therapeutic source against cyanide poisoning in other mammals that are susceptible to the toxin. 3MST from the intestine of T. swinderianus had a yield of 10.3% with specific activity of 0.21Umg-. The Km and Vmax values of the 3-MST were determined to be 40 mm and 0.20µmol/ml/min respectively for KCN (Potassium Cyanide); also 33.3 mm and 0.15 µmol/ml/min for mercaptoethanol. 3-MST presents in the intestine of T. swinderianus plays a significant role in detoxification of cyanogenic compounds, which makes it an effective target for cyanide poisoning therapy.

Fatal Cyanide Poisoning from Cassava-Based Meal

1992 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alade Akintonwa ◽  
O.L. Tunwashe
Keyword(s):  
Renal Failure ◽  
Abdominal Pain ◽  
Teaching Hospital ◽  
Cardiopulmonary Arrest ◽  
Food Products ◽  
University Teaching ◽  
Cyanogenic Glycosides ◽  
Emergency Unit ◽  
Cyanide Poisoning ◽  
Accident And Emergency

Three patients admitted to the Accident and Emergency Unit of Lagos University Teaching Hospital (LUTH) after eating a cassava based meal 'Gari' died shortly after admission. The patients vomited and complained of abdominal pain immediately after the meal. They were unconscious with renal failure and died of cardiopulmonary arrest. The cyanide levels in the blood and urine averaged 1.12 and 0.54 mg 1-1, respectively. Cassava contains cyanogenic glycosides which slowly release cyanide and this may have been responsible for the death of these patients. There is an urgent need to establish maximum tolerable levels of cyanide in 'Gari' and other cassava food products.

Quantitative Evaluation of Allelopathic Potentials in Soils: Total Activity Approach

Weed Science ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 58 (3) ◽  
pp. 258-264 ◽  
Author(s):  
Syuntaro Hiradate ◽  
Kenji Ohse ◽  
Akihiro Furubayashi ◽  
Yoshiharu Fujii
Keyword(s):  
Cinnamic Acid ◽  
Specific Activity ◽  
Quantitative Estimation ◽  
Alluvial Soil ◽  
Total Activity ◽  
Mucuna Pruriens ◽  
Maximum Effect ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Plant Materials ◽  
Allelopathic Potential

The allelopathic potential of a plant has been evaluated on the basis of two indicators: specific activity, which is the specific concentration of the allelochemical to exert a half-maximum effect on a receiver plant (EC50), and total activity in a plant, which is the ratio of the concentration of an allelochemical in the producing plant to its EC50. In the present study, a new indicator, total activity in a soil, which takes into account the effects of a soil on the allelopathy activity, is proposed because allelopathic activity is affected by the presence of soils. The total activity in a soil was calculated by multiplying the “total activity in a plant” with a “soil factor.” In this calculation, we assumed simplified cases for comparison, such that the allelopathic plant materials are evenly incorporated in the soils and the allelochemicals are released from the plant materials to the soils at a constant rate. We conducted bioassay experiments in the presence and absence of soils and cited some published data to calculate the specific activities and total activities in a plant and in a soil. The results indicated that the allelopathies of buckwheat caused by (+)-catechin, Leucaena leucocephala by L-mimosine, Xanthium occidentale by trans-cinnamic acid, and Brassica parachinensis by cis-cinnamic acid were not significant in a volcanic ash soil, an alluvial soil, and a calcareous soil, but the allelopathy of sweet vernalgrass caused by coumarin and Spiraea thunbergii by cis-cinnamoyl glucosides was highly effective in those soils. The allelopathies of Juglans species caused by juglone plus juglone precursors and Mucuna pruriens by L-DOPA would depend highly on the soil types. Although some limitations exist for this approach, the total activity approach would allow for a better quantitative estimation of the allelopathic potential of plant materials in soils.

Sodium Nitrite Alone Protects the Brain Microsomal Ca2+-ATPase Against Potassium Cyanide-induced Neurotoxicity In Rats

1997 ◽  
Vol 17 (6) ◽  
pp. 543-546 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. O. Odunuga ◽  
G. A. Adenuga
Keyword(s):  
Oral Administration ◽  
Atpase Activity ◽  
Rat Brain ◽  
Sodium Nitrite ◽  
Specific Activity ◽  
Potassium Cyanide ◽  
Protective Role ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Brain

The effect of a short-term oral administration of potassium cyanide (KCN) (200 ppm in diet) with or without sodium nitrite (NaNO2) pretreatment on rat brain microsomal Ca2± ATPase was investigated. The specific activity value of the enzyme significantly decreased (p<0.05) by 50% compared with control and by 63% for KCN-treated rats compared with KCN-treated rats pretreated with NaNO2. There was no significant difference at the h=0.05 level between the values obtained for the control and KCN-treated rats pretreated with NaNO2. These results show both that feeding lowers brain microsomal Ca2+-ATPase activity and that NaNO2 has a protective role (antidote function) in that respect.

scholarly journals CHANGES OF SUCROSE CONTENT AND INVERTASE ACTIVITY DURING SUGARCANE STEM STORAGE

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 75 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tri Agus Siswoyo ◽  
Ika Oktavianawati ◽  
Djenal Djenal ◽  
Bambang Sugiharto ◽  
Untung Murdiyanto
Keyword(s):  
Specific Activity ◽  
Invertase Activity ◽  
Reducing Sugar ◽  
Total Soluble Protein ◽  
Sucrose Accumulation ◽  
Old Field ◽  
Plant Materials ◽  
Dry Land ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
Sugarcane Stem

Invertases (beta-D-fructofuranosidase, E.C. 3.2.1.26) are the key enzymes involved in sucrose metabolism in sugarcane plants. They are highly correlated with sucrose and reducing sugar contents during plant growth. The sugarcane plants have two kinds of invertases, namely neutral invertase (NI) and acid invertase (AI). They have different function in sucrose accumulation. The research aimed to study the role of AI and NI in accumulation of reducing sugar during storage of sugarcane stems. Plant materials of 18-month-old field grown sugarcane of the commercial variety R-579 (wet-land) and M 442-51 (dry-land) were used. Three internodes were sampled to represent immature (internode 1-8/F1), maturing (internode 9-16/F2), and mature (internode 17-24/F3) stem tissues. All tissues were stored for 0-9 days at room temperature (28-32oC) and each day, the sample<br />was extracted to determine invertase activity, total soluble protein, and sugar contents. This observation was valid for invertase activity expressed on a protein basis. At the initiate<br />harvested (0-3 days), NI had a higher specific activity than AI in the sucrose-accumulating region of the sugarcane stems. Negative significant correlation was found between NI specific activity and sucrose accumulation (r2 = 0.41, P &lt; 0.05). AI showed a higher specific activity after 4 days harvested and had negative correlation with sucrose accumulation (r2 = 0.40, P &lt; 0.05). These results showed that NI could be more  responsible in sucrose hydrolisis than AI at early storage of sugarcane stems.

scholarly journals Lung injury and renal failure caused by potassium cyanide poisoning

2009 ◽  
Vol 2009 (dec09 1) ◽  
pp. bcr0420091768-bcr0420091768 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Matsuoka ◽  
M. Yasuda ◽  
M. Hashizume
Keyword(s):  
Renal Failure ◽  
Lung Injury ◽  
Potassium Cyanide ◽  
Cyanide Poisoning

scholarly journals CHANGES OF SUCROSE CONTENT AND INVERTASE ACTIVITY DURING SUGARCANE STEM STORAGE

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 75 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tri Agus Siswoyo ◽  
Ika Oktavianawati ◽  
Djenal Djenal ◽  
Bambang Sugiharto ◽  
Untung Murdiyanto
Keyword(s):  
Specific Activity ◽  
Invertase Activity ◽  
Reducing Sugar ◽  
Total Soluble Protein ◽  
Sucrose Accumulation ◽  
Old Field ◽  
Plant Materials ◽  
Dry Land ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
Sugarcane Stem

Invertases (beta-D-fructofuranosidase, E.C. 3.2.1.26) are the key enzymes involved in sucrose metabolism in sugarcane plants. They are highly correlated with sucrose and reducing sugar contents during plant growth. The sugarcane plants have two kinds of invertases, namely neutral invertase (NI) and acid invertase (AI). They have different function in sucrose accumulation. The research aimed to study the role of AI and NI in accumulation of reducing sugar during storage of sugarcane stems. Plant materials of 18-month-old field grown sugarcane of the commercial variety R-579 (wet-land) and M 442-51 (dry-land) were used. Three internodes were sampled to represent immature (internode 1-8/F1), maturing (internode 9-16/F2), and mature (internode 17-24/F3) stem tissues. All tissues were stored for 0-9 days at room temperature (28-32oC) and each day, the sample<br />was extracted to determine invertase activity, total soluble protein, and sugar contents. This observation was valid for invertase activity expressed on a protein basis. At the initiate<br />harvested (0-3 days), NI had a higher specific activity than AI in the sucrose-accumulating region of the sugarcane stems. Negative significant correlation was found between NI specific activity and sucrose accumulation (r2 = 0.41, P &lt; 0.05). AI showed a higher specific activity after 4 days harvested and had negative correlation with sucrose accumulation (r2 = 0.40, P &lt; 0.05). These results showed that NI could be more  responsible in sucrose hydrolisis than AI at early storage of sugarcane stems.

Cyanide degradation by Rhizopus oryzae

1985 ◽  
Vol 31 (8) ◽  
pp. 663-669 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Padmaja ◽  
C. Balagopal
Keyword(s):  
Growth Phase ◽  
Inductive Effect ◽  
Rhizopus Oryzae ◽  
Potassium Cyanide ◽  
Industrial Wastes ◽  
Cyanogenic Glycosides ◽  
Potato Dextrose Broth ◽  
Cyanide Degradation ◽  
Potential Use

Rhizopus oryzae, a mucoraceous fungus associated with the postharvest spoilage of cassava was found to effectively metabolize cyanide. Degradation of cyanogenic glycosides of cassava by R. oryzae was studied by growing the organism in potato dextrose broth with and without linamarin and potassium cyanide. The influence of adaptation of the organism to low and high cyanide concentrations on both growth and the release of extracellular rhodanese into cyanide-containing media was studied. Nonadapted cultures of R. oryzae grow poorly when compared with the cyanide-adapted cultures. However non-adapted R. oryzae cultures released large quantities of rhodanese when compared with the adapted ones. Potassium cyanide (1.0 mM) was found to be an efficient inducer of rhodanese whereas potassium cyanide (5.0 mM) repressed the release of rhodanese. A significant inductive effect was produced by thiosulphate and thiocyanate. Linamarin repressed the rhodanese activity of cultures during the growth phase. Rhizopus oryzae also elaborated extracellular linamarase during its growth in broth with and without linamarin. This study revealed the potential use of R. oryzae in detoxifying the cyanogenic glycosides in cassava feed and food preparations as well as in the effective disposal of cyanide in industrial wastes.

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