Invitro Toxicity of Binary Mixtures of Glyphosate and 2, 2 Dichlorovinyl Dimethyl Phosphate on Bacterial Isolates

The in vitro toxicity of glyphosate (Gly) and 2, 2 Dichlorovinyl dimethyl phosphate (DDVP) single compound and binary mixtures was assessed against Pseudomonas sp. and Bacillus sp. isolated from Otamiri River, Imo state, Nigeria was investigated. The toxicity response was assessed using the inhibitory effect of the single and binary mixtures on isolates dehydrogenase activity; and 2,3,5 triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) was used as the artificial electron acceptor. The binary mixtures were composed using fixed ratios of glyphosate and 2, 2 Dichlorovinyl dimethyl phosphate in ratios of 20% Gly:80% DDVP, 40% Gly: 60% DDVP, 50% Gly: 50% DDVP, 60% Gly: 40% DDVP and 80% Gly: 20% DDVP. Results obtained showed that the isolates exhibited different degrees of logistic and sigmoidal toxicity trends with areas of hormesis at low concentrations of the toxicants. Furthermore, isobolographic analysis on the toxic interaction of the mixtures presented both synergism and antagonism, based on the relative ratio of the component mixtures. Increasing concentration of glyphosate in the binary mixture caused a shift in the interaction effect from antagonism to synergism. Our findings showed that isolates exhibited tolerance to glyphosate and 2,2 dichlorovinyl dimethyl phosphate and their binary mixtures exposure at concentration range of 0-1000mg/L; above which has deleterious effects on the aquatic organisms. It is evident that there are considerable differences in pesticide sensitivity among the bacterial species and that the presence of glyphosate and 2, 2-dichlorovinyl dimethyl phosphate in the aquatic environment may present toxicological risk to microbial diversity.

Download Full-text

In Vitro Effects of Ethanol on Rabbit Platelet Aggregation, Secretion of Granule Contents, and Cyclic AMP Levels in the Presence of Prostacyclin

Thrombosis and Haemostasis ◽

10.1055/s-0038-1646570 ◽

1989 ◽

Vol 61 (02) ◽

pp. 254-258 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

Margaret L Rand ◽

Peter L Gross ◽

Donna M Jakowec ◽

Marian A Packham ◽

J Fraser Mustard

Keyword(s):

Cyclic Amp ◽

Inhibitory Effect ◽

Rabbit Platelet ◽

Inhibitory Effects ◽

Low Concentrations ◽

Rabbit Platelets ◽

High Concentrations ◽

In Vitro Effects ◽

Aggregation Of Platelets

SummaryEthanol, at physiologically tolerable concentrations, inhibits platelet responses to low concentrations of collagen or thrombin, but does not inhibit responses of washed rabbit platelets stimulated with high concentrations of ADP, collagen, or thrombin. However, when platelet responses to high concentrations of collagen or thrombin had been partially inhibited by prostacyclin (PGI2), ethanol had additional inhibitory effects on aggregation and secretion. These effects were also observed with aspirin- treated platelets stimulated with thrombin. Ethanol had no further inhibitory effect on aggregation of platelets stimulated with ADP, or the combination of ADP and epinephrine. Thus, the inhibitory effects of ethanol on platelet responses in the presence of PGI2 were very similar to its inhibitory effects in the absence of PGI2, when platelets were stimulated with lower concentrations of collagen or thrombin. Ethanol did not appear to exert its inhibitory effects by increasing cyclic AMP above basal levels and the additional inhibitory effects of ethanol in the presence of PGI2 did not appear to be brought about by further increases in platelet cyclic AMP levels.

Download Full-text

Characterization of Serratia species and qualitative detection of Serratia marcescens in raw and pasteurized milk by an analytical method based on polymerase chain reaction

Élelmiszervizsgálati Közlemények ◽

10.52091/evik-2021/2-4-eng ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 67 (2) ◽

pp. 3453-3464

Author(s):

Evelin Korcz ◽

László Varga ◽

Zoltán Kerényi

Keyword(s):

Serratia Marcescens ◽

Bacterial Species ◽

Relevant Literature ◽

Inhibitory Effect ◽

Test Methods ◽

In Vitro Assays ◽

Pasteurized Milk ◽

Milk Samples ◽

Microbiological Methods

Serratia species are opportunistic pathogenic microorganisms primarily known as nosocomial infectious agents, which can also cause food quality problems. The appearance of the extracellular pigment-producing Serratia marcescens in cow’s milk causes its red discoloration, posing a challenge to the dairy industry and food certification laboratories. The detection of the bacterium by conventional procedures based on microbiological methods is time-consuming and labor-intensive, and in many cases does not lead to satisfactory results due to the competitive inhibitory effect of the accompanying microflora. Following the analysis of the relevant literature, the published endpoint PCR methods and the primers used for the detection of S. marcescens were evaluated in in silico and in vitro assays, and then the procedure was tested on farm milk samples. Using the method, a total of 60 raw and pasteurized milk samples were analyzed, more than half of which (i.e., 32) were identified as S. marcescens positive. The significance of our work is mainly represented by the application of the published test methods in food industry practice. Our results highlight to the importance of detecting this bacterial species.

Download Full-text

Abstract 489: Mechanisms of Carbon Monoxide Attenuation of Tubuloglomerular Feedback

Hypertension ◽

10.1161/hyp.60.suppl_1.a489 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 60 (suppl_1) ◽

Author(s):

YiLin Ren ◽

Martin A D'Ambrosio ◽

Hong Wang ◽

Jeffrey L Garvin ◽

Oscar A Carretero

Keyword(s):

Carbon Monoxide ◽

Physiological Role ◽

Inhibitory Effect ◽

Tubuloglomerular Feedback ◽

Renal Microcirculation ◽

Low Concentrations ◽

Cgmp Analog ◽

Cell Depolarization ◽

Toxic Concentrations

Tubuloglomerular feedback (TGF) is an autoregulatory mechanism of the renal microcirculation in which the macula densa (MD) senses NaCl concentration in the lumen of the nephron and sends a signal that controls glomerular filtration rate by constricting the afferent arteriole (Af-Art). We have shown that MD depolarization is sufficient for inducing TGF. Carbon monoxide (CO), either endogenous or exogenous, is known to inhibit TGF, at least in part via cGMP. However, whether cGMP-independent mechanisms are involved, and where in the TGF cascade CO exerts its inhibitory effect, remain unknown. Thus we hypothesize that CO, acting via both cGMP-dependent and -independent mechanisms, attenuates TGF by acting downstream from MD cell depolarization. In vitro , microdissected rabbit Af-Arts and their attached MD were simultaneously perfused and TGF was measured as the decrease in Af-Art diameter. Depolarization of the MD was induced by switching luminal KCl from 4 to 50 mM in the presence of the potassium ionophore valinomycin, while adding the CO-releasing molecule CORM-3 to the MD perfusate at non-toxic concentrations. CORM-3 blunted depolarization-induced TGF at a concentration of 50 μM, from 3.6±0.4 to 2.5±0.4 μm (P<0.01), and completely abolished it at a concentration of 100 μM, to 0.1±0.1 μm (P<0.001, n=6). Similar results were found with 100 μM CORM-3 when depolarization was induced by nystatin (3.0±0.2 vs. 0.4±0.2 μm, P <0.001, n=6). This indicates that CO inhibits TGF acting downstream from depolarization. When cGMP generation was blocked with the guanylate cyclase inhibitor LY-83583 (1 μM) added to the MD, CORM-3 no longer had an effect on depolarization-induced TGF at 50 μM (2.9±0.4 vs. 3.0±0.4 μm), but retained partial inhibitory effect on TGF at 100 μM (1.3±0.2 μm, P =0.02, n=9). This suggests that CO acts via cGMP at low concentrations, but additional mechanisms of action may be involved at higher concentrations. Finally, we confirmed that cGMP inhibits TGF downstream from MD depolarization by adding the degradation-resistant cGMP analog dibutyryl-cGMP (500 μM), which attenuated depolarization-induced TGF (from 3.9±0.5 to 0.6±0.2 μm, P <0.01, n=6). Our results could help explain the physiological role of CO in controlling the renal microcirculation.

Download Full-text

Ticlopidine Selectively Inhibits Human Platelet Responses to Adenosine Diphosphate

Thrombosis and Haemostasis ◽

10.1055/s-0038-1646487 ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 66 (06) ◽

pp. 694-699 ◽

Cited By ~ 49

Author(s):

Marco Cattaneo ◽

Benjaporn Akkawat ◽

Anna Lecchi ◽

Claudio Cimminiello ◽

Anna M Capitanio ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Platelet Aggregation ◽

Adenosine Diphosphate ◽

Inhibitory Effect ◽

Clot Retraction ◽

Fibrinogen Binding ◽

Low Concentrations ◽

Binding Inhibition ◽

High Concentrations ◽

Formalin Fixed

SummaryPlatelet aggregation and fibrinogen binding were studied in 15 individuals before and 7 days after the oral administration of ticlopidine (250 mg b.i.d.). Ticlopidine significantly inhibited platelet aggregation induced by adenosine diphosphate (ADP), the endoperoxide analogue U46619, collagen or low concentrations of thrombin, but did not inhibit platelet aggregation induced by epinephrine or high concentrations of thrombin. Ticlopidine inhibited 125I-fibrinogen binding induced by ADP, U46619 or thrombin (1 U/ml). The ADP scavengers apyrase or CP/CPK, added in vitro to platelet suspensions obtained before ticlopidine, caused the same pattern of aggregation and 125I-fibrihogen binding inhibition as did ticlopidine. Ticlopidine did not inhibit further platelet aggregation and 125I-fibrinogen binding induced in the presence of ADP scavengers. After ticlopidine administration, thrombin or U46619, but not ADP, increased the binding rate of the anti-GPIIb/IIIa monoclonal antibody 7E3 to platelets. Ticlopidine inhibited clot retraction induced by reptilase plus ADP, but not that induced by thrombin or by reptilase plus epinephrine, and prevented the inhibitory effect of ADP, but not that of epinephrine, on the PGE1-induced increase in platelet cyclic AMP. The number of high- and low-affinity binding sites for 3H-ADP on formalin-fixed platelets and their K d were not modified by ticlopidine. These findings indicate that ticlopidine selectively inhibits platelet responses to ADP.

Download Full-text

Studies on Analogues of L-Cysteine and L-Cystine

Blood ◽

10.1182/blood.v11.1.1.1 ◽

1956 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 1-10 ◽

Cited By ~ 22

Author(s):

AUSTIN S. WEISBERGER ◽

LEIF G. SUHRLAND ◽

JOSEPH SEIFTER

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Spatial Configuration ◽

Spatial Relationship ◽

Inhibitory Effect ◽

Selenium Compounds ◽

Low Concentrations ◽

Relationship Of ◽

Normal Cellular Function

Abstract The amino acids L-cysteine and L-cystine appear to have an important role in the metabolism of leukocytes. Decreased availability of these amino acids may therefore have important effects on leukocytes. The possibility of decreasing the influx of radioactive L-cystine into leukemic leukocytes was investigated by exposing the leukocytes to various analogues of cysteine (cystine) prior to incubation with S35 L-cystine. It was found that a highly specific structural and spatial configuration is required to decrease the influx of S35 L-cystine. Thus unlabeled L-cysteine is effective in decreasing the incorporation of radioactive L-cystine. However, analogues of cystine in which there is modification or substitution of the sulfhydryl, amino or carboxyl group do not decrease the influx of S35 L-cystine. Furthermore, any alteration in the spatial relationship of the sulfhydryl and amino groups of L-cysteine also results in a loss of the ability of an analogue to decrease the incorporation of S35 L-cystine. Of the compounds studied and in the concentrations employed, only unlabeled L-cysteine, selenium cystine and phenyl selenium cysteine were effective. Selenium cystine is identical with cystine except that selenium replaces the sulfur in the molecule. Phenyl selenium cysteine is also closely related structurally to cysteine. The mechanism of action of selenium cystine and phenyl selenium cysteine in decreasing the influx of S35 L-cystine is not known. Other selenium compounds tested were ineffective. These compounds may exert their inhibitory effect by (a) competitive combination with specific intracellular receptors for L-cysteine (L-cystine), (b) inactivation of enzymes or compounds essential for normal cellular function, (c) alteration in membrane permeability or (d) a toxic effect of selenium. Since selenium cystine and phenyl selenium cystine are inhibitory in low concentrations in vitro, these compounds may have important effects on leukemic leukocytes in vivo.

Download Full-text

A novel mechanism of olanzapine-induced lipid accumulation

European Psychiatry ◽

10.1016/s0924-9338(11)72611-6 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 26 (S2) ◽

pp. 906-906 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

S. Dzitoyeva ◽

H. Chen ◽

R. Manev ◽

H. Manev

Keyword(s):

Lipid Content ◽

Direct Action ◽

Inhibitory Effect ◽

Experimental Conditions ◽

Cell Content ◽

Metabolic Alterations ◽

Low Concentrations ◽

Mrna Content ◽

Quantitative Western Blot

IntroductionSecond generation antipsychotic drugs (SGADs) including olanzapine trigger adverse metabolic alterations possibly by a direct action on adipocytes.Objectives and aimsThe system of the inflammatory 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) and its activating protein (FLAP) have been implicated in lipid dysfunction in obesity. We investigated whether this system could participate in the adipogenic action of olanzapine.MethodsExperiments were performed in 3T3-L1 adipocytes in vitro. Cells were treated with olanzapine and a FLAP inhibitor MK-886. Their lipid content, 5-LOX and FLAP mRNA content, and FLAP protein content were measured.ResultsOlanzapine treatment did not affect the cell content of 5-LOX mRNA; however, it decreased FLAP mRNA content at day five but not 24 hours after olanzapine addition. The inhibitory effect of olanzapine on FLAP expression was confirmed by quantitative Western blot assays. In the absence of a FLAP inhibitor, low concentrations of olanzapine (0.5 and 5 μM) increased lipid content only by about 13% (compared to about a 56% increase induced by 50 μM olanzapine) whereas in the presence of MK-886 these concentrations of olanzapine produced lipid increases comparable to the increase caused by 50 μM. In these experimental conditions, MK-886 alone did not alter the cell content of lipids.Conclusions5-LOX system may be involved in lipid dysfunction not only in conditions of obesity but possibly in SGAD-related metabolic alterations. The known polymorphism in the genes of the human 5-LOX system could play a role in setting a variable individual susceptibility to the metabolic side effects of SGADs.

Download Full-text

Combined Inhibitory Effect of Curcuma Xanthorrhiza Extract and Xylitol on Streptococcus Mutans and Actinomyces Viscosus

Key Engineering Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.342-343.861 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 342-343 ◽

pp. 861-864

Author(s):

Hae Sun Kim ◽

Choong Ho Choi ◽

H.K. Kwon ◽

B.I. Kim

Keyword(s):

Antibacterial Effect ◽

Bacterial Species ◽

Inhibitory Effect ◽

Distilled Water ◽

Phenol Red ◽

Ph Indicator ◽

Bacterial Fermentation ◽

Curcuma Xanthorrhiza ◽

Growth Of Bacteria

This study evaluated the combined inhibitory effects of a Curcuma xanthorrhiza extract (CXE) and Xylitol on S. mutans and A. viscosus in vitro. Three series of experiments on S. mutans and A. viscosus were carried out. In the first series, the Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of CXE, Xylitol, and CXE mixed with Xylitol (CXE+Xylitol) against S. mutans and A. viscosus were determined. Second, the antibacterial effect and the rapid effectiveness of CXE, Xylitol, and CXE+Xylitol against those bacteria was evaluated as contacting for 1, 2, 5, and 10 minutes. Finally, The saccharolytic capability of S. mutans was examined using bovine teeth that had been pretreated with CXE (1%), Xylitol (1%), CXE+Xylitol (1%), chlorhexidine (1%) and distilled water, and rinsed with distilled water. The pretreated bovine teeth were layered with soft agar containing sucrose (5%), S. mutans and phenol red, as a pH indicator, and incubated. The MICs of CXE were 5 ppm on both bacterial species. Xylitol did not inhibit either species. The MICs of CXE+Xylitol were 10 and 5 ppm against S. mutans, A. viscosus, respectively. According to the rapid effectiveness, CXE completely inhibited the growth of bacteria but Xylitol did not. CXE+Xylitol could completely inhibit the growth of bacteria. An evaluation of the saccharolytic capability of S. mutans on bovine teeth revealed that distilled water and Xylitol could not inhibit bacterial fermentation. However, the bovine teeth containing CXE, CXE+Xylitol and chlorhexidine inhibited the fermentation of bacteria. These results show that CXE and CXE+Xylitol have a strong antibacterial effect on S. mutans and A. viscosus in vitro.

Download Full-text

Cytotoxicity of Taxol in Combination with Vincristine and Vinblastine Against A375 Cell Line

Gene Cell and Tissue ◽

10.5812/gct.114359 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol In Press (In Press) ◽

Author(s):

Mohammad Zandi

Keyword(s):

Side Effects ◽

Therapeutic Option ◽

Inhibitory Effect ◽

In Vitro Cytotoxicity ◽

In Vitro Toxicity ◽

Human Malignant Melanoma ◽

Promising Strategy ◽

A375 Cell Line ◽

A375 Cells

Background: Annually, various types of cancer cause thousands of deaths globally, and identifying an appropriate therapeutic option for these disorders is of crucial importance. Side effects of anticancer drugs can be reduced through the promising strategy of combination therapy. Objectives: The present paper has investigated the in vitro cytotoxicity of Taxol, carboplatin, vinblastine, and vincristine alone and in combination against human malignant melanoma A375 cells and non-cancerous fibroblast HU2 cells to examine the possible side effects of the drugs. Methods: The cells were subjected to the examined compounds for 48 h, and the MTT test was conducted to evaluate the cytotoxicity. Results: The results indicated that the most significant effect was related to 120 μg/mL vincristine and 7.5 μg/mL Taxol+ vincristine treatments, with the survival amounts of 24 ± 0.6 and 28 ± 0%, respectively. In addition, the best 50% inhibitory effect was found to be related to Taxol + vincristine, vinblastine, and Taxol+ vinblastine treatments at the concentrations of 0.04, 2.2, and 3.4 μg/mL, respectively. Conclusions: According to the findings of in vitro toxicity, the evaluated complexes are not cytotoxic against human fibroblast HU2 cells. Also, the most significant effect on A375 cells was associated with vincristine treatment. No synergistic reaction was recorded among the different combinations of drugs based on the calculated CI values.

Download Full-text

Effect of aluminium toxicity on the development of poplar (Populus tremula L. x P. alba L.) cultured in vitro

Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae ◽

10.5586/asbp.1999.032 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 68 (4) ◽

pp. 245-250 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Krystyna Bojarczuk

Keyword(s):

Aluminium Toxicity ◽

Inhibitory Effect ◽

Populus Tremula ◽

Aluminium Chloride ◽

Adventitious Bud ◽

Aluminium Sulphate ◽

Low Concentrations ◽

The Media ◽

High Concentrations

Adventitious bud cultures were established using vegetative buds from selected clones of poplar (Populus tremula L. x P. alba L.) as initial explants. For multiplication of shoots a modified Murashige and Skoog medium (MS) was used. Aluminium salts (aluminium sulphate and aluminium chloride) were added to the media. It was found that the pH of the medium had no effect on the development of cultures at low concentrations of nutrients (1/2 or 1/4 MS). Low concentrations of aluminium (Al 25mg•dm-3 supplied as aluminium sulphate, Al 15 mg•dm-3 as aluminium chloride) had no inhibitory effect on shoot development but decreased regeneration of adventitious roots. High concentrations of aluminium inhibited the development of shoots and roots, especially in a medium at pH 4.5. Microcuttings rooted in the highest percentage and formed the strongest rooting system on 1/4 strength MS medium at pH 4.5. It was found that there was no difference between the rooting of shoots excised from cultures cultivated with or without A1 in this medium at pH 5.5.

Download Full-text

Regulation of Thromboplastin Synthesis in Mouse Placental Cells In Vitro

Thrombosis and Haemostasis ◽

10.1055/s-0038-1665322 ◽

1983 ◽

Vol 50 (04) ◽

pp. 831-834 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Knut Dalaker ◽

Hans Prydz

Keyword(s):

Cyclic Amp ◽

Phosphodiesterase Inhibitor ◽

Inhibitory Effect ◽

Low Concentrations ◽

Placental Cells ◽

Dose Dependent ◽

Higher Doses ◽

Dose Dependent Effect ◽

Methyl Xanthine

SummaryMouse placental cells are probably constitutive producers of the thromboplastin apoprotein in vitro. The effect of cyclic AMP- elevating compounds on their expression of thromboplastin activity has been studied. Dibutyryl cyclic AMP, the phosphodiesterase inhibitor Ro 20-1724 and the adenyl cyclase stimulator forskolin all decrease the synthesis of thromboplastin. Prostaglandin E2 and the phosphodiesterase inhibitor butyl-methyl-xanthine have a biphasic dose dependent effect. A stimulation was observed at low concentrations, whereas higher doses decreased the synthesis of thromboplastin. Adrenaline had no effect. Combination of two compounds, each at maximally inhibiting concentration gave no significant additive inhibitory effect, showing that they probably act via the same pathway.

Download Full-text