scholarly journals Radiological Risk Assessment of Drinking Water from Ignatius University Quarters, Rumuolumeni, Nigeria

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
C. P. Ononugbo ◽  
T. I. Amadi
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Health Risk ◽  
Health Risks ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Natural Radionuclides ◽  
Continuous Exposure ◽  
University Staff ◽  
Secular Equilibrium ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Radiological Health

Aims: The aim of this study was to assess the level of natural radioactivity in drinking water (tap water) from Ignatius university staff quarters in order to determine the radiological health risks associated with consumption of such water. Study Design:  This study was purely an experimental work which involves collection of samples and laboratory analysis. Place and Duration of the Study: the study was carried out at Ignatius university staff quarters and some lecture halls within the institution between May 2018 and March 2019. Methodology: Twenty three (23) samples of drinkable water was collected from staff quarters and some lecture halls with 1.5 liters plastic containers which was rinsed thrice before collection. The samples were chemically treated by adding nitric acid and then pre-concentrated further by evaporating to certain levels. The residue were transferred to small cylindrical containers which were sealed and kept for 28 days in order to ensure secular equilibrium between 238u, 232th and their progenies and counted with sodium iodide activated with thallium detector. The results obtained were analyzed using some radiation models for radiological health risks.  Results: The measured activity concentration of natural radionuclides such as 40K, 226Ra and 232Th in drinking water were in the range of 4.14±3.61 to 48.30±3.88 Bql-1, bdl to 188.51±2.69 Bql-1 and bdl to 29.17±3.42 Bql-1 respectively. The mean values of 40K, 226Ra and 232Th are 18.79±4.24, 27.55±5.99 and 17.79 ±2.89 Bql-1 respectively which is higher than their respective recommended safe value. The estimated effective dose for different age groups  ranged from 0.073 to 317.58 mSvy-1 for infants, 0.050 to 78.05 mSvy-1 for children, 0.027 to 237.41 mSvy-1 for teenagers and 0.029 to 51.46 mSvy-1 for adults with mean values of  110.07, 25.92, 68.44 and 12.85 mSvy-1 respectively. The lifetime fatality cancer risk to adult estimated show that, approximately 19 out of 100 may suffer from some form of cancer fatality and 18 out of 1000 may suffer some hereditary effect. Conclusion: The result showed an elevated radioactivity level with its associated health risk. The populace might be at long term health risk if continuous exposure is maintained.

Pathogenic viruses in drinking-water biofilms: a public health risk?

Biofilms ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 105-117 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Skraber ◽  
J. Schijven ◽  
C. Gantzer ◽  
A. M. de Roda Husman
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Health Risk ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Pilot Scale ◽  
Drinking Water Distribution Systems ◽  
Virus Attachment ◽  
Pathogenic Viruses

Biofilms in drinking-water distribution systems may accumulate human pathogenic viruses. Viruses that attach to biofilm are removed from the water phase improving the water quality. However, if released in slough, it may still present a risk of infection. This review describes the available data on the presence of pathogenic viruses in drinking-water biofilms. First, biofilms of distribution systems potentially contribute to viral contamination of tap water only if infectious viruses are present initially in the water, which has been shown in several recent studies. However, only one out of three field studies showed the presence of infectious enteroviruses in natural biofilms from drinking-water networks. The presence of pathogenic viruses in biofilms points to the ability of these viruses to attach to biofilms. This has also been shown in pilot-scale studies in which bacteriophages and vaccine poliovirus strains were spiked into water and could be eluted from artificial biofilms. Reported attachment rates vary greatly and may depend on many factors such as the biofilm characteristics, the virus strain and the efficiency of viral recovery from biofilms. One study reported biphasic viral inactivation in biofilms with rapid initial inactivation followed by slow inactivation, implying that some of the attached viruses are able to remain infectious for a longer time. In several laboratory experiments, virus attachment to biofilms has been reported under various conditions; however, although detachment of sloughs in distribution systems has been observed, the presence of viruses in these sloughs was not studied. Here, we discuss the possible presence of infectious pathogenic viruses in sloughs; the extent to which these will pose a health risk remains to be investigated.

scholarly journals Hygienic assessment of population health risk under exposure to chemicals that penetrate drinking water from household water mixers

2021 ◽  
pp. 50-57
Author(s):  
V.M. Boev ◽  
◽  
I.V. Georgi ◽  
D.A. Kryazhev ◽  
Е.A. Kryazhevа ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Health Risk ◽  
Health Risks ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Human Health Risk ◽  
Hazard Index ◽  
Environmental Chemicals ◽  
Zinc Alloy ◽  
Testing Procedures ◽  
Household Water

At present a truly vital task is to evaluate possible changes in the structure and properties of drinking water occurring in the process of delivering it to end customers. Our research aim was to perform hygienic assessment of health risks caused by consumption of drinking water with changed chemical structure influenced by domestic faucets made from zinc alloys. Hygienic assessment of drinking water was performed to test its conformity with the requirements fixed in the Sanitary Rules and Standards SanPiN 1.2.3685-21 “Hygienic standards and requirements to providing safety and (or) harmlessness of environmental factors for people”. Water samples were aged in new household water mixers with their cases made from ZAM zinc alloy (a zinc alloy doped with aluminum, magnesium, and copper) at pH6 and pH9 in accordance with the State Standard GOST 34771-2021 “Sanitary-technical water mixing and distributing accessories. Testing procedures”. Health risks for children and adults and population risks were assessed for situations involving oral and cutaneous introduction according to the Guide R 2.1.10.1920-04 Human Health Risk Assessment from Environmental Chemicals. We established that water samples aged in household water mixers contained authentically elevated concentrations of metals included into ZAM alloy, namely copper, nickel, lead, and zinc, both at pH = 6 and pH = 9. We also detected enhanced organoleptic properties: color grew by 2–2.3 times and turbidity by 2.3–5 times. Carcinogenic risks caused by consuming water with changed properties turned out to be unacceptable both for children and adults. We also established that calculated hazard index for the blood system didn’t conform to hygienic requirements; calculated hazard indices for the central nervous system, liver, hormonal and reproductive systems were statistically significantly higher when people consumed drinking water with changed properties. We also calculated population carcinogenic risks for the whole population in the Russian Federation based on the maximum possible exposure to drinking water with changes in its chemical properties due to household water mixers. The total population risks amounted to approximately 131 thousand cases. Our research indicates it is necessary to develop preven-tion activities with a carefully planned monitoring system and control over quality and use of domestic faucets.

scholarly journals Health Risk Assessment of Groundwater Contaminated by Oil Pollutants Based on Numerical Modeling

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (18) ◽  
pp. 3245 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xue Bai ◽  
Kai Song ◽  
Jian Liu ◽  
Adam Khalifa Mohamed ◽  
Chenya Mou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
Numerical Modeling ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Health Risk ◽  
Health Risk Assessment ◽  
Health Risks ◽  
Reference Sequence ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
Theoretical Support

To provide theoretical support for the protection of dispersed drinking water sources of groundwater, we need to accurately evaluate the time and scope of groundwater pollution hazards to human health. This helps the decision-making process for remediation of polluted soil and groundwater in service stations. In this study, we conducted such an evaluation by coupling numerical modeling with a health risk assessment. During the research, soil and groundwater samples were collected and analyzed for 20 pollutants. Fifty-six percent of the heavy contaminants and 100% of the organic contaminants exhibited maximum values at the location of the oil depot. Gray correlation analysis showed that the correlation between background samples and soil underlying the depot was 0.375–0.567 (barely significant to insignificant). The correlation between the reference sequence of other points was 0.950–0.990 (excellent correlation). The correlation of environmental impact after oil depot leakage followed the order: organic pollutants > heavy metals > inorganic pollutants. The groundwater simulation status and predictions indicated that non-carcinogenic health risks covered 25,462 m2 at the time of investigation, and were predicted to extend to 29,593 m2 after five years and to 39,873 m2 after 10 years. Carcinogenic health risks covered 21,390 m2 at the time of investigation, and were predicted to extend to 40,093 m2 after five years and to 53,488 m2 after 10 years. This study provides theoretical support for the protection of a dispersed drinking water source such as groundwater, and also helps the decision-making process for groundwater and soil environment improvement.

scholarly journals Pharmaceuticals in source waters of 95 First Nations in Canada

2021 ◽  
Vol 112 (S1) ◽  
pp. 133-153
Author(s):  
Harold Schwartz ◽  
Lesya Marushka ◽  
Hing Man Chan ◽  
Malek Batal ◽  
Tonio Sadik ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Health Risk ◽  
First Nations ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Health Risks ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Human Health Risk ◽  
Water Sampling ◽  
Human Health Risks

Abstract Objectives Pharmaceuticals are emerging contaminants in the environment. Little has been published about the presence of pharmaceuticals in waterbodies nearby or on reserve land of First Nations in Canada. The objectives of this study were to (1) quantify the level of pharmaceuticals in First Nations’ surface waters, (2) calculate the human health risks of the mixtures found, and (3) measure the exposure to pharmaceuticals in First Nations’ drinking water where source water was highly contaminated. Methods This participatory study measured the levels of 43 pharmaceuticals from surface water samples taken at three water sampling sites chosen by the 95 participating First Nations. The sites were in proximity to recreational areas, fishing areas, drinking water sources, and/or wastewater outflows. When elevated levels of pharmaceutical mixtures were found in samples, drinking water samples were obtained and analyzed for potential pharmaceuticals. Human health risks were calculated by an established protocol. Results In total, 432 samples were collected at 302 water sampling sites (285 surface water, 11 drinking water, and 6 wastewater sites). Quantifiable levels of 35 pharmaceuticals were found in 79 of the 95 (83%) participating First Nations at 193 of the 285 surface water sites (68%). Overall, the levels found were comparable to or lower than those found in other studies in Canada and worldwide. Conclusion In almost all participating First Nations, there is no human health risk from consuming surface water for drinking. However, surface water in the vicinity of major urban centres should not be used as secondary untreated water sources due to the elevated human health risk associated with exposure to the mixtures of multiple pharmaceuticals detected.

scholarly journals Spatial Distribution, Source Discrimination, and Health Risk Assessment of Arsenic and Fluoride in Drinking Water Around Brick Kilns of Vehari, Punjab, Pakistan.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Akram ◽  
Rukhsar Fatima ◽  
Atta Rasool ◽  
Allah Wasaya
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Health Risk ◽  
Health Risk Assessment ◽  
Health Risks ◽  
Hazard Quotient ◽  
Arsenic Concentration ◽  
Average Dose ◽  
Brick Kilns

Abstract Water is very important to maintaining life on earth. Fluoride and Arsenic pollution in groundwater is an emerging issue in the world. Atomic absorption spectrometry was used to measure total arsenic, while ion chromatography was used to determine fluoride. The present study was conducted for the health risk assessment of fluoride and arsenic in groundwater around brick kilns. 58 samples of groundwater were collected from district Vehari Punjab and were analyzed for arsenic concentration ranges from 0.330 to 11.120 µg/L, higher than the WHO recommended permissible level of arsenic in drinking water (10 µg/L). The mean value of fluoride in the water supply for drinking is 2.599 mg/L as its concentration ranges are 0.680 to 9.690 mg/L respectively. All the values of fluoride in drinking water were higher than the permissible limit according to WHO standard 1.5 mg/L. The spatial distribution of arsenic and fluoride in groundwater indicates their direct contamination with rock weathering, coal burning, and the use of cheap fuel in brick kilns. The estimated average dose (ADD), hazards quotient (HQ), as well as cancer risk (CR), were computed using statistical formulae to determine the health risks of arsenic and fluoride. The hazard quotient (HQ) values of As and F− in this research area were higher protection and safe limits (HQ > 1), having health risks to the people in this region, caused by brick kilns. Statistical parameters correlation and cluster analysis were used to determining possible contaminant sources in the study area.

scholarly journals Radiation monitoring of drinking water in the vicinity of the Beloyarsk NPP

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 86-101
Author(s):  
A. V. Panov ◽  
A. V. Trapeznikov ◽  
A. V. Korzhavin ◽  
I. V. Geshel ◽  
S. V. Korovin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Effective Dose ◽  
Water Consumption ◽  
Radiation Safety ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Natural Radionuclides ◽  
Control Level ◽  
Internal Exposure ◽  
Water Wells ◽  
Average Effective Dose

The article provides a radiation-hygienic assessment of the current state of drinking water supply sources for the population in the observation area of the the Beloyarsk NPP and the Institute of Nuclear Materials. We determined the content of natural (234U, 238U, 226Ra, 228Ra, 210Po, 222Rn, 210Pb, 228Th, 230Th, 232Th) and technogenic (3H, 14C, 60Co, 90Sr, 134Cs, 137Cs, 238Pu, 239,240Pu, 241Am) radionuclides in drinking water of tap water, water boreholes and water wells in test settlements located at different distances and directions from radiation hazardous facilities. Results of monitoring of water sources in 2012–2013 and 2019 showed the radiation safety of drinking water in the vicinity of the Beloyarsk NPP according to several criteria. Thus, the maximum levels of the gross specific alpha-activity of radionuclides in water samples were 3.9 times lower than the control level (0.2 Bq/kg), the gross specific beta-activity was 5.7 times lower than the control level (1 Bq/ kg). Over the entire observation period, none of the drinking water samples exceeded the control levels both for individual radionuclides and for the sum of the ratios of specific activities to control levels. The content of natural and artificial radionuclides in drinking water near the Beloyarsk NPP decreases in the following order: water wells > water boreholes > tap water. For the past 20 years, there was a decrease in tritium specific activity in drinking water of the Beloyarsk NPP region by 20–35%, depending on the source of water supply. It was noted that the launch of the BN-800 reactor also did not lead to an increase in the content of other artificial radionuclides (90Sr, 137Cs) in groundwater. The average annual effective dose of internal exposure of the population due to drinking water consumption in the vicinity of the Beloyarsk NPP is 0.05 mSv, according to conservative estimates – 0.07 mSv, which is below the radiation safety threshold (0.1 mSv/a) recommended by the WHO. Natural radionuclides play the primary role in the formation of the annual average effective dose for internal irradiation (98.9%) due to drinking water consumption on the considered territories. 210Po makes the largest contribution to the dose from natural radioisotopes – 43%, somewhat less is made by 210Pb – 25%. The third place in the dose formation from natural radionuclides belongs to 234U (8%), 228Ra (7%), 226Ra (6%) and 230Th (6%). The contribution of other natural radioisotopes in the formation of the internal radiation dose from drinking water consumption does not exceed 2-3%. The contribution of technogenic radionuclides to the annual average effective dose from the consumption of drinking water is negligible (about 1%). Of the technogenic components, 90Sr (60%), 3H (20%), and 241Am (12%) play the most significant role in the formation of the internal exposure dose.

Assessment of Health Risks Posed by Water Quality in the Centralized Supply Network of Private Sector Housing in Ufa

2021 ◽  
pp. 56-63
Author(s):  
LR Rakhmatullina ◽  
RA Suleimanov ◽  
TK Valeev ◽  
NR Rakhmatullin ◽  
SSh Rafikov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Health Risk ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Chemical Exposure ◽  
Carcinogenic Risk ◽  
Clean Water ◽  
Water Project ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Water Pumps

Background: At present, high-quality drinking water supply is challenging due to natural and anthropogenic pollution of the environment and remains a priority. The Federal Clean Water Project is aimed at improving the communal infrastructure in order to ensure chemical and microbiological safety of supplied water and to inform the public. Objective: To assess priority health risk factors for the population of Ufa associated with tap water quality within the implementation of the Federal Clean Water Project in the Republic of Bashkortostan. Materials and methods: We used data of the regional information fund of public health monitoring on eight street water pumps located in six administrative districts of the city for 2016–2018. The organoleptic risk associated with drinking water quality was assessed according to Method Recommendations MR 2.1.4.0032–11. Population health risk assessment was carried out in compliance with conditions and requirements of Guidelines R 2.1.10.1920–04. Results: We established that chemical and microbiological quality indices of drinking water in street water pumps in 2016–2018 were below the permissible limits for all samples. Both organoleptic and non-carcinogenic risk estimates were within the acceptable range. The carcinogenic risk for the population was less than a case. Yet, the presence of trihalomethanes and herbicides in tap water sampled in Olimpiyskaya Street posed unacceptable total carcinogenic health risk. Conclusion: The study results were used to develop recommendations for appropriate preventive measures aimed to reduce chemical exposure of the population of Ufa through drinking water.

The natural radioactivity in drinking water by gross alpha and beta measurements and radiological quality assessment

2020 ◽  
Vol 108 (6) ◽  
pp. 491-498 ◽  
Author(s):  
Şeref Turhan
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Activity Concentration ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Natural Radionuclides ◽  
Limit Values ◽  
Activity Concentrations ◽  
Gross Α And Β ◽  
Gross Β ◽  
Gross Α

AbstractThe aim of this study is to investigate the radiological quality of drinking waters consumed in Nevşehir province which is the most important tourism destination of the Cappadocia region. The activity concentration of gross α- and β-emitting from natural radionuclides (238U, 234U, 230Th, 226Ra, 210Po, 232Th and 210Pb, 228Ra and 40K) in 21 tap water samples supplied by municipal pipelines were analyzed by using a gas proportional α/β counter. The average activity concentrations of the gross α and gross β in tap water samples were found as 88 ± 10 mBq L−1 and 305 ± 32 mBq L−1, respectively. The average natural activity concentrations of α- and β-emitting radionuclides in tap water samples are below the limit values recommended by the Turkish regulation and WHO. For all samples, except for one sample, the gross β activity concentrations are higher than the corresponding gross α concentrations. The average annual effective radiation dose (AERD) due to the ingestion of these water samples was estimated to be 43, 60 and 124 μSv year−1 for infants, children, and adults, respectively. The average of AERD estimated for adults is 24 % higher than the dose limit of 100 μSv year−1. The activity concentration results reveal that tap water samples are acceptable for human consumption in accordance with the Turkish regulation and WHO recommendations for drinking water.

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