Radiation monitoring of drinking water in the vicinity of the Beloyarsk NPP

The article provides a radiation-hygienic assessment of the current state of drinking water supply sources for the population in the observation area of the the Beloyarsk NPP and the Institute of Nuclear Materials. We determined the content of natural (234U, 238U, 226Ra, 228Ra, 210Po, 222Rn, 210Pb, 228Th, 230Th, 232Th) and technogenic (3H, 14C, 60Co, 90Sr, 134Cs, 137Cs, 238Pu, 239,240Pu, 241Am) radionuclides in drinking water of tap water, water boreholes and water wells in test settlements located at different distances and directions from radiation hazardous facilities. Results of monitoring of water sources in 2012–2013 and 2019 showed the radiation safety of drinking water in the vicinity of the Beloyarsk NPP according to several criteria. Thus, the maximum levels of the gross specific alpha-activity of radionuclides in water samples were 3.9 times lower than the control level (0.2 Bq/kg), the gross specific beta-activity was 5.7 times lower than the control level (1 Bq/ kg). Over the entire observation period, none of the drinking water samples exceeded the control levels both for individual radionuclides and for the sum of the ratios of specific activities to control levels. The content of natural and artificial radionuclides in drinking water near the Beloyarsk NPP decreases in the following order: water wells > water boreholes > tap water. For the past 20 years, there was a decrease in tritium specific activity in drinking water of the Beloyarsk NPP region by 20–35%, depending on the source of water supply. It was noted that the launch of the BN-800 reactor also did not lead to an increase in the content of other artificial radionuclides (90Sr, 137Cs) in groundwater. The average annual effective dose of internal exposure of the population due to drinking water consumption in the vicinity of the Beloyarsk NPP is 0.05 mSv, according to conservative estimates – 0.07 mSv, which is below the radiation safety threshold (0.1 mSv/a) recommended by the WHO. Natural radionuclides play the primary role in the formation of the annual average effective dose for internal irradiation (98.9%) due to drinking water consumption on the considered territories. 210Po makes the largest contribution to the dose from natural radioisotopes – 43%, somewhat less is made by 210Pb – 25%. The third place in the dose formation from natural radionuclides belongs to 234U (8%), 228Ra (7%), 226Ra (6%) and 230Th (6%). The contribution of other natural radioisotopes in the formation of the internal radiation dose from drinking water consumption does not exceed 2-3%. The contribution of technogenic radionuclides to the annual average effective dose from the consumption of drinking water is negligible (about 1%). Of the technogenic components, 90Sr (60%), 3H (20%), and 241Am (12%) play the most significant role in the formation of the internal exposure dose.

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Alpha Spectrometry of Radon Short-Lived Progeny in Drinking Water and Assessment of the Public Effective Dose: Results from the Cilento Area, Province of Salerno, Southern Italy

Materials ◽

10.3390/ma13245840 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (24) ◽

pp. 5840

Author(s):

Enver Faella ◽

Simona Mancini ◽

Michele Guida ◽

Albina Cuomo ◽

Domenico Guida

Keyword(s):

Drinking Water ◽

Effective Dose ◽

Health Hazard ◽

Age Groups ◽

Internal Exposure ◽

Threshold Values ◽

Campania Region ◽

Radon Activity ◽

National Regulation ◽

South Italy

Radon is a naturally occurring radioactive gas present in the hydrosphere, lithosphere and atmosphere abundantly. Its ionizing radiation provides the largest human internal exposure by inhalation and ingestion to natural sources, constituting a serious health hazard. The contribution to total exposure is mainly due to inhalation, as ingestion by food or drinking water is typically very small. However, because of public health concerns, the contributions from all these sources are limited by regulations and remedial action should be taken in the event that the defined threshold values are overcome. In this paper, the first campaign of measurements to control the radon activity concentration in drinking water from public water supplies in the province of Salerno, south Italy, is described. The results represent a main reference for the area, as it was never investigated before. The purpose of this survey was to contribute to data compilation concerning the presence of radon-222 in groundwater in the Campania region and to determine the associated risk for different age groups. The maximum radon activity concentrations and the related total annual public effective dose turned out to be lower than the threshold values (100 Bq/l and 0.1 mSv/y, respectively) indicated by international guidelines and the national regulation, showing that the health risks for public consumption can be considered negligible.

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Evaluation of Gross Alpha and Beta Activity Concentrations and Annual Effective Dose in Drinking Waters of Misan Province-Iraq Using Low Background Gas Flow Proportional Counter (LB- 4110)

NeuroQuantology ◽

10.14704/nq.2021.19.11.nq21172 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 19 (11) ◽

pp. 22-31

Author(s):

Sawsan Sh. Fleifil ◽

Zahraa A. Ismail AL-Sudani

Keyword(s):

Drinking Water ◽

Effective Dose ◽

Water Samples ◽

Proportional Counter ◽

Gas Flow ◽

Annual Effective Dose ◽

Tap Water ◽

Beta Activity ◽

Low Background ◽

Background Gas

In this study, assessment of levels natural radioactivity in drinking water samples of Misan Province of Iraq was carried out. A total of 33 (Tigris river, station and Tap) water samples collected from eleven places in Misan Province of Iraq. The beta and alpha gross radioactivity of the samples water was measured and an average annual effective dose derived of drinking-water ingestion was estimation utilizing new model a LB-4110 low background gas flow proportional counter. The data indicated that the Beta and Alpha gross activities and annual effective dose in samples did not exceed WHO recommended levels (0.5 Bq/L of Alpha gross, 1.0 Bq/L of Beta gross and 0.1 mSv/y for annual effective dose).

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Drinking water consumption patterns in Canadian communities (2001–2007)

Journal of Water and Health ◽

10.2166/wh.2011.051 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

pp. 69-86 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

S. M. Roche ◽

A. Q. Jones ◽

S. E. Majowicz ◽

S. A. McEwen ◽

K. D. M. Pintar

Keyword(s):

Drinking Water ◽

Water Consumption ◽

Tap Water ◽

Treatment Method ◽

Pooled Analysis ◽

Bottled Water ◽

Consumption Patterns ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Factors Associated ◽

Water Users

A pooled analysis of seven cross-sectional studies from Newfoundland and Labrador, Waterloo and Hamilton Regions, Ontario and Vancouver, East Kootenay and Northern Interior Regions, British Columbia (2001 to 2007) was performed to investigate the drinking water consumption patterns of Canadians and to identify factors associated with the volume of tap water consumed. The mean volume of tap water consumed was 1.2 L/day, with a large range (0.03 to 9.0 L/day). In-home water treatment and interactions between age and gender and age and bottled water use were significantly associated with the volume of tap water consumed in multivariable analyses. Approximately 25% (2,221/8,916) of participants were classified as bottled water users, meaning that 75% or more of their total daily drinking water intake was bottled. Approximately 48.6% (4,307/8,799) of participants used an in-home treatment method to treat their tap water for drinking purposes. This study provides a broader geographic perspective and more current estimates of Canadian water consumption patterns than previous studies. The identified factors associated with daily water consumption could be beneficial for risk assessors to identify individuals who may be at greater risk of waterborne illness.

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A comparison of the dose from natural radionuclides and artificial radionuclides after the Fukushima nuclear accident

Journal of Radiation Research ◽

10.1093/jrr/rrv102 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 57 (4) ◽

pp. 422-430 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Masahiro Hosoda ◽

Shinji Tokonami ◽

Yasutaka Omori ◽

Tetsuo Ishikawa ◽

Kazuki Iwaoka

Keyword(s):

Effective Dose ◽

Indoor Radon ◽

Natural Radionuclides ◽

Temporary Housing ◽

Radon Activity ◽

Artificial Radionuclides ◽

Activity Concentrations ◽

Fdnpp Accident ◽

Effective Doses ◽

Average Effective Dose

Abstract Due to the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant (FDNPP) accident, the evacuees from Namie Town still cannot reside in the town, and some continue to live in temporary housing units. In this study, the radon activity concentrations were measured at temporary housing facilities, apartments and detached houses in Fukushima Prefecture in order to estimate the annual internal exposure dose of residents. A passive radon–thoron monitor (using a CR-39) and a pulse-type ionization chamber were used to evaluate the radon activity concentration. The average radon activity concentrations at temporary housing units, including a medical clinic, apartments and detached houses, were 5, 7 and 9 Bq m −3 , respectively. Assuming the residents lived in these facilities for one year, the average annual effective doses due to indoor radon in each housing type were evaluated as 0.18, 0.22 and 0.29 mSv, respectively. The average effective doses to all residents in Fukushima Prefecture due to natural and artificial sources were estimated using the results of the indoor radon measurements and published data. The average effective dose due to natural sources for the evacuees from Namie Town was estimated to be 1.9 mSv. In comparison, for the first year after the FDNPP accident, the average effective dose for the evacuees due to artificial sources from the accident was 5.0 mSv. Although residents' internal and external exposures due to natural radionuclides cannot be avoided, it might be possible to lower external exposure due to the artificial radionuclides by changing some behaviors of residents.

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Radiological Risk Assessment of Drinking Water from Ignatius University Quarters, Rumuolumeni, Nigeria

Asian Journal of Physical and Chemical Sciences ◽

10.9734/ajopacs/2019/v7i330095 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 1-11

Author(s):

C. P. Ononugbo ◽

T. I. Amadi

Keyword(s):

Drinking Water ◽

Health Risk ◽

Health Risks ◽

Tap Water ◽

Natural Radionuclides ◽

Continuous Exposure ◽

University Staff ◽

Secular Equilibrium ◽

Mean Values ◽

Radiological Health

Aims: The aim of this study was to assess the level of natural radioactivity in drinking water (tap water) from Ignatius university staff quarters in order to determine the radiological health risks associated with consumption of such water. Study Design: This study was purely an experimental work which involves collection of samples and laboratory analysis. Place and Duration of the Study: the study was carried out at Ignatius university staff quarters and some lecture halls within the institution between May 2018 and March 2019. Methodology: Twenty three (23) samples of drinkable water was collected from staff quarters and some lecture halls with 1.5 liters plastic containers which was rinsed thrice before collection. The samples were chemically treated by adding nitric acid and then pre-concentrated further by evaporating to certain levels. The residue were transferred to small cylindrical containers which were sealed and kept for 28 days in order to ensure secular equilibrium between 238u, 232th and their progenies and counted with sodium iodide activated with thallium detector. The results obtained were analyzed using some radiation models for radiological health risks. Results: The measured activity concentration of natural radionuclides such as 40K, 226Ra and 232Th in drinking water were in the range of 4.14±3.61 to 48.30±3.88 Bql-1, bdl to 188.51±2.69 Bql-1 and bdl to 29.17±3.42 Bql-1 respectively. The mean values of 40K, 226Ra and 232Th are 18.79±4.24, 27.55±5.99 and 17.79 ±2.89 Bql-1 respectively which is higher than their respective recommended safe value. The estimated effective dose for different age groups ranged from 0.073 to 317.58 mSvy-1 for infants, 0.050 to 78.05 mSvy-1 for children, 0.027 to 237.41 mSvy-1 for teenagers and 0.029 to 51.46 mSvy-1 for adults with mean values of 110.07, 25.92, 68.44 and 12.85 mSvy-1 respectively. The lifetime fatality cancer risk to adult estimated show that, approximately 19 out of 100 may suffer from some form of cancer fatality and 18 out of 1000 may suffer some hereditary effect. Conclusion: The result showed an elevated radioactivity level with its associated health risk. The populace might be at long term health risk if continuous exposure is maintained.

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Tendencies towards bottled drinking water consumption: Challenges ahead of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) waste management

Health Promotion Perspectives ◽

10.34172/hpp.2021.09 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 60-68

Author(s):

Hassan Aslani ◽

Parisa Pashmtab ◽

Abdolreza Shaghaghi ◽

Asghar Mohammadpoorasl ◽

Hassan Taghipour ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Drinking Water ◽

Water Consumption ◽

Tap Water ◽

Bottled Water ◽

Water Usage ◽

Pet Waste ◽

Bottled Drinking Water ◽

Time Period ◽

Waste Generation Rate ◽

Tap Water Quality

Background: The main objective of this study was to investigate the logics behind tendencies towards bottled drinking water usage in spite of availability of treated tap water. The amount of waste bottle is also estimated in Iran and managing principles for resolving the issue presented. Methods: A questionnaire was used to survey the logics behind tendencies toward bottled drinking water consumption among 120 participants. In order to estimate the quantities of the PET wastes produced in the country, data about bottled water production rate as well as volume of the imported and exported drinking bottled water were collected from 1962 to 2015 and applied in the calculations. Results: Findings suggested that about 0.026 to 3.86 billion liters (about 1.04 billion literson average) of bottled water was consumed annually between 2000 and 2015. Furthermore, bottled water consumption increased from 0.41 to 48.9 L/capita-year within the same time period. In the meantime, the plastic bottle waste generation rate rose from 12.84 to 1519.38 g/capita-year. There is no efficient and suitable system for managing and recycling waste bottles in the country. The perceived unreliability of tap water quality was the main reason of bottled water consumption among 74% of the respondents. Conclusion: To reduce bottled water consumption and the associated harmful environmental and health consequences, measures such as informing people, validating public water supply quality, preventive rules enactment, and establishing extended producer responsibility (EPR) are highly recommended.

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Providing Students with Adequate School Drinking Water Access in an Era of Aging Infrastructure: A Mixed Methods Investigation

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph17010062 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 17 (1) ◽

pp. 62 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Erica L. Kenney ◽

James G. Daly ◽

Rebekka M. Lee ◽

Rebecca S. Mozaffarian ◽

Katherine Walsh ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Drinking Water ◽

Mixed Methods ◽

Water Consumption ◽

Tap Water ◽

Delivery Systems ◽

Bottled Water ◽

Water Delivery ◽

Water Access ◽

Urban District ◽

Aging Infrastructure

Ensuring students’ access to safe drinking water at school is essential. However, many schools struggle with aging infrastructure and subsequent water safety problems and have turned to bottled water delivery systems. Little is known about whether such systems are feasible and effective in providing adequate student water access. This study was a mixed-methods investigation among six schools in an urban district in the U.S. with two types of water delivery systems: (1) tap water infrastructure, with updated water fountains and bottle fillers, and (2) bottled water coolers. We measured students’ water consumption and collected qualitative data from students and teachers about their perceptions of school drinking water. Student water consumption was low—between 2.0 (SD: 1.4) ounces per student and 2.4 (SD: 1.1) ounces per student during lunch. Students and teachers reported substantial operational hurdles for relying on bottled water as a school’s primary source of drinking water, including difficulties in stocking, cleaning, and maintaining the units. While students and teachers perceived newer bottle filler units positively, they also reported a distrust of tap water. Bottled water delivery systems may not be effective long-term solutions for providing adequate school drinking water access and robust efforts are needed to restore trust in tap water.

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The Bottled Water Market and Consumer Behavior

Brand Culture and Identity ◽

10.4018/978-1-5225-7116-2.ch043 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 794-805

Author(s):

Mustafe Pllana ◽

Arbenita Qosa

Keyword(s):

Drinking Water ◽

Consumer Behavior ◽

Water Consumption ◽

Tap Water ◽

Bottled Water ◽

Water Market ◽

Social Changes ◽

The World ◽

Marketing Activities ◽

Food And Drink

This article describes how packaged water consumption has risen sharply in the world over the past 30 years. It is the most dynamic sector of the food and drink industry. The growth of bottled water sales is the contribution of the marketing activities, promotion, and aggressive sales. Is there a difference between bottled water and tap water? Opinions are divided. Some are for bottled water, some for tap water. World consumption of bottled water in 2013 was 70,371.6 million gallons or more than consumption in 2008 for 6.2%. Kosovo is a small country with a small purchasing power. In recent years, Kosovo has increased the use of packaged water by the population, due to a lack of viable drinking water running to the water network, and also as a result of social changes and the mentality of people. This article will deal with Kosovo's market developments, consumer behavior and factors that affect the behavior of purchases.

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Consumer water quality evaluation of private and public drinking water sources

Journal of Water and Health ◽

10.2166/wh.2018.206 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 16 (3) ◽

pp. 369-379 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Drew M. Gholson ◽

Diane E. Boellstorff ◽

Scott R. Cummings ◽

Kevin L. Wagner ◽

Monty C. Dozier

Keyword(s):

Water Quality ◽

Drinking Water ◽

Tap Water ◽

Public Attitudes ◽

Primary Source ◽

Sample Survey ◽

Water Wells ◽

Public Drinking Water ◽

Private And Public ◽

Using Data

Abstract Private water wells have no requirements to be tested or monitored to ensure safe drinking water quality, and yet those receiving their primary drinking water from private supplies are more frequently confident that their tap drinking water is safe. Using data from surveys administered in 2008 and 2014, this study assesses public attitudes and perceptions regarding drinking water. This study examines the results of a random sample survey of Texans to evaluate citizen awareness and attitudes on water issues. Most respondents reported that they believe their drinking water is of high quality, with 81.4% responding that they believe their tap water is safe to drink. An even larger number, 92.1%, of those receiving their water from private sources believe their tap water is safe. Conversely, only 57.0% of respondents who consume bottled water as their primary source of drinking water believe their tap water is safe to drink. Additionally, more than 65% of Texans receiving their primary drinking water from private supplies (usually their private water well) have never had their water supply tested. A large majority (81.3%) of those primarily receiving their drinking water from private supplies believed groundwater in their area to be of good or excellent quality.

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Effective Dose Radon 222 of the Tap Water in Children and Adults People; Minab City, Iran

Global Journal of Health Science ◽

10.5539/gjhs.v8n4p234 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 8 (4) ◽

pp. 234 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Yadolah Fakhri ◽

Morteza Kargosha ◽

Ghazaleh Langarizadeh ◽

Yahya Zandsalimi ◽

Leila Rasouli Amirhajeloo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Drinking Water ◽

Effective Dose ◽

Tap Water ◽

Geometric Mean ◽

P Value ◽

High Concentration ◽

Effective Doses ◽

Two Temperatures ◽

Increasing Temperature ◽

Mean Concentration

222Rn is a radioactive, odorless, and colorless element which has a half-life of 3.83 days. One of 222Rn main resources are Groundwater (wells, springs, etc.). Hence, the use of groundwater with high concentration of 222Rn can increase the risk of lung and stomach cancers. Concentration of 222Rn in tap water of Minab city in two temperatures 5 and 15 ºC was measured by radon meter model RTM1668-2. The effective dose was calculated by equations proposed by UNSCEAR. Geometric mean concentration of 222Rn in drinking water was found to be 0.78±0.06 and 0.46±0.04 Bq/l at 5 and 15 ̊C (p value<0.05), respectively. The effective doses were 0.006 and 0.003 mSv/y for adults, and 0.011 and 0.007 mSv/y for the children, respectively (p value<0.05). Besides, the effective dose for adult through inhaling 222Rn at 5 and 15 ̊C were estimated 0.0021 and 0.0012mSv/y, respectively. Geometric mean concentration in 222Rn drinking water and effective dose received from drinking water and inhalation of 222Rn is lower than WHO and EPA standard limits. Increasing temperature of drinking water will decrease the effective dose received. Annual Effective dose received from inhalation and consumption of 222Rn in drinking water in children is more than adults.

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