scholarly journals An Experiment that May Resolve Many Disputes Over HIV Transmission

2021 ◽  
pp. 8-11
Author(s):  
Jiman He
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Prevention ◽  
Hiv Transmission ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
Controversial Issues ◽  
Direct Data ◽  
Prevention Guidelines ◽  
Antenatal Clinics ◽  
Contaminated Blood ◽  
Prevention Of Hiv ◽  
Hiv Negative

The present paper proposes an experiment that may resolve many controversial issues regarding HIV transmission and prevention: Compare HIV prevalence between mothers of HIV positive and HIV negative women ages 15-19 who attended antenatal clinics in SSA. For example, HIV prevention guidelines contradict each other over whether or not exposure of oral mucosa to HIV contaminated blood is a risk for transmission. The proposed experiment could result in a direct data that allow us know the flaw in our current prevention strategy, and offer insights into why our prevention of HIV has failed.

scholarly journals The Paradoxes of PrEP: Rejection, Reluctancy, and Novel Gay Identities in Biomedical HIV Prevention in Serbia

2022 ◽  
pp. 34-51
Author(s):  
Zoran Milosavljević
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Prevention ◽  
Gay Men ◽  
Hiv Transmission ◽  
Gay Identity ◽  
Hiv Status ◽  
Social Significance ◽  
Gay Communities ◽  
Hiv Status Disclosure ◽  
Status Disclosure ◽  
Hiv Negative

This article explores the different ways in which gay men in Serbia perceive PrEP as a novel method of HIV prevention. In the article, I draw on data from my research on PrEP use among thirty gay men in Belgrade. The use of PrEP is still very low amongst gay communities in Serbia due to their rejection of PrEP and due to the stigma around PrEP use. In Serbia, the social significance of PrEP relates to HIV status disclosure on gay social/dating media. Paradoxically, on gay dating sites, the signifier "PrEP" blurs the line between HIV positive gay men – who have achieved undetectable HIV status through a potent ARV therapy – and those HIV negative gay men who use PrEP as a preventative tool against HIV transmission. In the article, I will argue that a new form of gay identity has emerged on gay dating apps in Serbia – "undetectable, on PrEP." This new identity emerges from confusion in HIV risk assessment. The use of PrEP has been seen as a marker to denote someone’s HIV negative status and to protect them from HIV transmission. However, some gay men with an undetectable HIV status would like to be regarded as HIV negative even though they are not, and thus they use the signifier "on PrEP" to highlight their desire to claim an HIV negative status. PrEP has many symbolic valences: from HIV status disclosure to assumed promiscuity. As I will argue, while the health paradigm is of utmost importance for Serbian gay men, internalized stigma additionally drives the low uptake of PrEP amongst gay communities in Serbia, thus contributing to the confusion regarding PrEP use and the overall approach to HIV prevention. This article finds that those respondents who accept PrEP without stigma or confusion regarding their HIV status are also more willing and ready to recommend using PrEP to other gay men.

scholarly journals EVALUASI PELAKSANAAN PREVENTION OF MOTHER TO CHILD TRANSMISSION (PMVCT) : LITERATURE REVIEW

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 236
Author(s):  
Siti Waghisatul Astutik ◽  
Antono Suryoputro ◽  
Zahroh Shaluhiyah
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Hiv Transmission ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
Mother To Child Transmission ◽  
Child Transmission ◽  
Hiv Positive Mothers ◽  
Acquired Immunodeficiency ◽  
Immunodeficiency Syndrome ◽  
Mother To Child ◽  
Prevention Of Hiv

AbstrakAIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome) merupakan kumpulan penyakit yang disebabkan oleh Virus HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) yang menular dan mematikan. Berdasarkan data Kementrian Kesehatan pada tahun 2015 jumlah anak usia ≤ 4 tahun yang terinfeksi HIV sebanyak 795, meningkat pada tahun 2016 menjadi 903. Pencegahan Penularan HIV dari Ibu ke Anak dapat dilakukan melalui 4 (empat) prong/kegiatan, yaitu : 1) Pencegahan penularan HIV pada perempuan usia reproduksi, 2) Pencegahan kehamilan yang tidak direncanakan pada ibu HIV positif, 3) pencegahan penularan HIV dari ibu hamil HIV positif ke bayi yang dikandung, dan 4) pemberian dukungan psikologis, sosial dan perawatan kepada ibu HIV positif beserta anak dan keluarganya. Pencegahan Penularan HIV dari Ibu ke Anak (PPIA) atau Prevention Mother to Child Transmission (PMTCT) merupakan program pemerintah untuk mencegah penularan virus HIV/AIDS dari ibu ke bayi yang dikandungnya. Tujuan dari literature review ini adalah untuk mengetahui konsep, model atau teori yang efektif digunakan untuk mengeketahui gambaran indeks keluarga sehat di beberapa daerah Indonesia. Metode yang digunakan dengan cara melakukan pencarian beberapa studi yang diterbitkan melalui database Google Scholar, Science direct, dan Scopus. Studi yang dipilih diterbitkan dari tahun 2017-2021. Setelah dilakukan pencarian artikel dengan kata kunci tersebut maka total artikel yang di review dalam tinjauan literatur ini sebanyak 5 (lima) artikel. Faktor yang mempengaruhi pelaksanaan PMTCT adalah kelengkapan data, kualitas SDM, gender, serta dukungan keluarga. Kata Kunci: Evaluasi, Implementsi, PMTCT AbstractAIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome) is a collection of diseases caused by the infectious and deadly HIV Virus (Human Immunodeficiency Virus). Based on data from the Ministry of Health in 2015 the number of children aged ≤ 4 years infected with HIV as many as 795, increased in 2016 to 903. Prevention of HIV transmission from Mother to Child can be done through 4 (four) activities, namely: 1) Prevention of HIV transmission in women of reproductive age, 2) Prevention of unplanned pregnancy in HIV-positive mothers, 3) prevention of HIV transmission from HIV-positive pregnant women to conceived babies, and 4) providing psychological, social and care support to HIV-positive mothers and their children and families. Prevention of HIV Transmission from Mother to Child (PPIA) or Prevention Mother to Child Transmission (PMTCT) is a government program to prevent transmission of HIV/AIDS virus from mother to baby. The purpose of this literature review is to know the concept, model or theory that is effectively used to know the picture of healthy family index in some areas of Indonesia. The method is used by searching for several studies published through the Google Scholar, Science direct, and Scopus databases. Selected studies are published from 2017-2021. After searching for articles with these keywords, the total articles reviewed in this literature review as many as 5 (five) articles. Factors that affect the implementation of PMTCT are the completeness of data, the quality of human resources, gender, and family support.Keywords: Evaluation, Implementation, PMTCT 

Sexual function and dysfunction in older HIV-positive individuals

Sexual Health ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 502 ◽  
Author(s):  
Darren B. Russell
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Dysfunction ◽  
Sexual Functioning ◽  
Hiv Transmission ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
People Living With Hiv ◽  
Organ Systems ◽  
The World ◽  
Risk Of Disease ◽  
Living With Hiv ◽  
Hiv Negative

With many parts of the world seeing an aging cohort of people living with HIV (PLHIV), it is becoming clear that some organ systems in these individuals are at a greater risk of disease. There are effects on sexual functioning in aging PLHIV, with many studies finding higher levels of sexual dysfunction in HIV-positive individuals compared with those who are HIV-negative. HIV itself, along with antiretroviral agents, may cause dysfunction. Treatment involves making an assessment of the dysfunction and using the usual methods available, although treatment may be complicated by hormonal deficiencies in HIV-positive individuals, along with the effects of antiretroviral therapy, and drug interactions involving such medications. Furthermore, the issue of HIV transmission needs to be addressed in those seeking treatment for sexual dysfunction.

Preliminary evidence of HIV seroconversion among HIV-negative men who have sex with men taking non-prescribed antiretroviral medication for HIV prevention in Miami, Florida, USA

Sexual Health ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 193 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mance E. Buttram ◽  
Steven P. Kurtz
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Prevention ◽  
Hiv Transmission ◽  
Qualitative Interviews ◽  
Transmission Risk ◽  
Accurate Information ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Antiretroviral Medication ◽  
Hiv Seroconversion ◽  
Sex With Men ◽  
Hiv Negative

Background Limited information suggests that men who have sex with men (MSM) are informally obtaining antiretroviral medication (ARVs) and using them for HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP). Methods: Data are drawn from an on-going study examining the use of non-prescribed ARVs for PrEP. To date, 24 qualitative interviews have been conducted with HIV-negative, substance-using MSM living in Miami, Florida, USA. Data are presented from two participants who reported HIV seroconversion while using non-prescribed ARVs for PrEP. Results: Preliminary data indicate that some young MSM: (i) lack awareness of and accurate information about the efficacious use of PrEP; (ii) obtain non-prescribed ARVs from HIV-positive sex partners and use these medications for PrEP in a way that does not provide adequate protection against HIV infection or cohere with established guidelines; and (iii) engage in multiple HIV transmission risk behaviours, including condomless anal sex and injection drug use. Conclusions: The informal, non-prescribed and non-medically supervised use of ARVs for HIV prevention has the potential to undermine the protective benefits of PrEP and leave men unprotected against HIV transmission and at risk for ARV resistance.

scholarly journals Respon Remaja Lelaki Suka Lelaki (LSL) dengan Status HIV Positif terhadap Pencegahan Penularan HIV kepada Pasangan

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 17
Author(s):  
Fauziyah Fauziyah ◽  
Zahroh Shaluhiyah ◽  
Priyadi Nugraha Prabamurti
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Prevention ◽  
Hiv Transmission ◽  
Physical Violence ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
Community Group ◽  
The People ◽  
Depression Status ◽  
Depth Interview ◽  
The Status

ABSTRAKDi Kabupaten Kota jambi kasus HIV positif pada LSL mengalami peningkatan yang berusia antara 19-24 tahun sebanyak 35,1%. yang berdampak pada pencegahan penularan HIV. Penelitian ini dilakukan pada tahun 2016 dan bertujuan memahami respon LSL remaja dengan status HIV positif terhadap pencegahan penularan kepada pasangan. Metode penelitian kualitatif dengan desain studi kasus. teknik pengambilan sampel dengan cara purposive dan pengumpulan data menggunakan indepth interview. Informan utama adalah remaja LSL yang sudah HIV positif 7 orang. Informan triangulasi kepada ketua Yayasan Kanti Sehati, Ketua kelompok Komunitas, Penjangkau lapangan di Kota Jambi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa respon saat pertama kali mengetahui bahwa dirinya terinfeksi HIV positif menolak terhadap status HIV positif respon nya kagek,terkejut,dan tidak percaya meluapkan perasaan emosional dalam bentuk stress dan depresi. pengungkapan status kepada pasangan dan orang terdekat belum semua dilakukan takut terhadap penolakan dari pasangan, Respon terhadap kepatuhan ARV sudah baik. Respon terhadap pencegahan HIV dengan kondom sebagian kecil masih belum konsisten penggunaan kondom karena masih sering menggunakan alkohol. Sedangkan respon terhadap perilaku seksual setelah HIV sebagian kecil belum mampu melakukan pencegahan penularan sesuai standar, sebagian besar masih mengalami Stigma dari keluarga, dan kekerasan fisik dari masyarakat.Kata Kunci : Respon LSL, remaja, HIV, pencegahan HIVABSTRACTIn Jambi City, the cases of HIV-positive in MSM increased in the people aged 19-24 years old by 35.1%. It affected on the prevention of HIV transmission. The research was conducted in 2016 and aimed to understand the response of teenage MSM with the status of HIV-positive to the prevention of transmission to the partner. The research method was qualitative with the design of case study. The sampling technique was purposive sampling with the data collection using in-depth interview. The main informants were teenage MSM with HIV-positive of 7 persons. The triangulation informants were the chief of Kanti Sehati Foundation, the chief of the Community Group of Field Outreach in Jambi City. The resarch results show that the response when they initially found themselves infected by HIV-positive was a rejection to their status of HIV-positive. Their responses were shocked, surprised, and confused. They expressed their emotion in the form of stress and depression. Status revealation to their partners and closest ones had not been performed fully since they were worried about the rejection from their partners. The response to ARV obedience has been good, but the response to HIV prevention using condoms had not been consistent partially because they were mostly under the effect of alcohol. Then, the response to post-HIV behavior, in few people, showed their inability to prevent the transmission based on the standard. Most of them still experienced the stigma from their families, and physical violence from society.Keywords: MSM response, teenage, HIV, HIV Prevention

scholarly journals Expression of DC-SIGN and DC-SIGNRs in placentas of HIV-positive patients

2014 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 97-101
Author(s):  
Komala Pillay ◽  
M Cloete ◽  
H McLeod
Keyword(s):  
Dendritic Cells ◽  
Hiv Transmission ◽  
Placental Tissue ◽  
Random Sets ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
Cd4 Counts ◽  
Viral Loads ◽  
Hiv Positive Mothers ◽  
Hofbauer Cells ◽  
Hiv Negative

Background. Human dendritic cell-specific intracellular adhesion molecule-3 (ICAM3)-grabbing non-integrin (DC-SIGN) is a mannose-binding lectin that initiates interaction between dendritic cells and resting T-lymphocytes. DC-SIGN is highly expressed in placental tissue on dendritic cells and Hofbauer cells, and it is suggested that HIV may become adsorbed to DC-SIGN on Hofbauer cells as part of the mechanism of mother-to-child HIV transmission. A possible mechanism of transfer of the virus from the Hofbauer cells to the fetus is the subsequent adsorption to DC-SIGN-related molecules (DC-SIGNRs), present on immediately adjacent capillary vascular endothelium. However, data on DC-SIGN and DC-SIGNR expression in the placenta are few.Methods. Forty term placentas from HIV-positive mothers and 21 term placentas from HIV-negative mothers underwent immunohistochemistry staining for DC-SIGN and DC-SIGNR expression. Five random sets of 10 villi were assessed, and the average number of positive cells were counted in each case. In addition, where possible, maternal and cord blood viral loads and maternal CD4+ counts were performed in the HIV-positive group only.Results. The median maternal CD4+ count was 377 cells/µl and 27% of participants had undetectable viral loads; the median detectable viral load was 3.72 log. Most (97%) of the cord bloods tested in infants from HIV-positive mothers had lower than detectable viral loads. HIV-positive cases had significantly greater expression of both DC-SIGNRs (median values in HIV-positive cases, 14.5 positive cells/10 villi (pc/10villi), compared with 11 pc/10villi in HIV-negative cases, p=0.020) and DC-SIGN (median value in HIV-positive cases, 26.5 pc/10villi, compared with 23 pc/10villi in HIV-negative cases, p=0.037). DC-SIGNR expression was also noted in Hofbauer cells and decidual macrophages in addition to endothelium (reported currently). There was no difference in expression of DC-SIGN and DC-SIGNRs in patients with or without chorioamnionitis, but there was an inverse relationship between DC-SIGN and DC-SIGNR expression and maternal CD4+ counts in HIV-positive cases. Conclusion. Both DC-SIGN and DC-SIGNR expression were higher in placentas from HIV-positive mothers compared with HIV-negative cases. These lectins may be potential new therapeutic targets for preventing vertical transmission of HIV.

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