scholarly journals Sulphur in Soils and Plants: An Overview

2020 ◽  
pp. 66-70
Author(s):  
Ashish Rai ◽  
Arvind Kumar Singh ◽  
Rahul Mishra ◽  
Brajesh Shahi ◽  
Vikas Kumar Rai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sea Water ◽  
Industrial Wastes ◽  
Calorie Consumption ◽  
Agriculture Soil ◽  
Essential Nutrient ◽  
Crop Nutrients ◽  
High Level ◽  
Nitrogen Phosphorus ◽  
Population Rate ◽  
Iron Pyrites

In India food demand is increasingly doubled due to calorie consumption of fast growing population rate. For achieving and sustaining a high level of food production, especially in agriculture, soil must be regularly replenished with a balance of crop nutrients, like macronutrients, secondary nutrients and micronutrients. Sulphur (S) comes under secondary nutrients after nitrogen, phosphorus and potash (potassium) at number four as an essential nutrient. It exists in group 16 and period 3 with a molecular weight of 32 in the periodic table. Naturally S occurs as an element found in many minerals like iron pyrites, galena, gypsum and Epsom salts. In Igneous and Sedimentary rocks S occurs as sulphides and in soil it is also present as organic compounds also in industrial wastes, sea water as well as gaseous emission in the atmosphere. Under temperate conditions it assumes that more than 95% of total S in soil is present in the organic matter due to low decomposition rate. In plants, sulphur plays an important role in protein synthesis.

scholarly journals High Sucrose Levels and Abnormal Enzyme Activity as a Function of Nutritional Stress in Sugarcane

1969 ◽  
Vol 51 (4) ◽  
pp. 325-333
Author(s):  
Alex G. Alexander
Keyword(s):  
Nutrient Deficiency ◽  
Critical Factor ◽  
Nutritional Stress ◽  
Nutrient Supply ◽  
Oxidative Enzymes ◽  
Sand Culture ◽  
High Level ◽  
To Receive ◽  
High Sucrose ◽  
Nitrogen Phosphorus

Deficiencies of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and calcium were gradually induced in sugarcane grown by sand culture. There were three objectives: 1, To determine whether nutritional stress in general is a means of inducing higher sucrose production; 2, to determine whether sucrose increases can be triggered without reaching nutrient-deficiency levels which would reduce tonnage; and 3, to ascertain whether increased sucrose production can be traced to common behavior patterns of hydrolytic and oxidative enzymes. All plants received a moderately high level of all nutrients until 14 weeks of age. Thereafter, individual nutrients were gradually lowered at intervals of 2 weeks, while control plants continued to receive the original levels. All plants subjected to nutritional stress accumulated higher leaf sucrose than control plants, regardless of the nutrient withheld. In each instance sucrose increases were recorded before nutrient supply had reached deficiency proportions. General nutritional stress thus appears to trigger variations in sugar level, with nutritional imbalance rather than actual deficiency being a critical factor. All plants under nutritional stress revealed a concurrent suppression of amylase as sucrose increased. Peroxidase was greatly stimulated by all nutritional treatments. Phosphatase was suppressed by decreasing nitrate and phosphorus, but was generally unaffected by the potassium and calcium treatments. Several distinct mechanisms of increased sucrose formation are indicated by the enzyme data. Sensitivity of amylase to changing nutrient supply is discussed from the standpoint of a possible indicator of approaching deficiency.

scholarly journals II. Note on the electrical relations of certain metals and metalliferous minerals

1835 ◽  
Vol 125 ◽  
pp. 39-40 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Sea Water ◽  
Relative Effect ◽  
Alkaline Solutions ◽  
Retrograde Motion ◽  
Sheet Iron ◽  
Muriatic Acid ◽  
Maximum Angle ◽  
Brass Sheet ◽  
Mutual Relations ◽  
Iron Pyrites

I Have ascertained that the crystallized grey oxide of manganese holds a much higher place in the electro-negative scale than any other body with which I have compared it, when immersed in various acids, and alkaline solutions; and the other metals and minerals which I have examined, appear to rank after it in the following order: Manganese. Rhodium. Loadstone. Platina. Arsenical pyrites. Plumbago. Iron pyrites. Arsenical cobalt. Copper pyrites. Purple copper. Galena. Standard gold. Copper nickel. Vitreous copper. Silver. Copper. Pan brass. Sheet iron. }} These five hold nearly the same place, varying in their mutual relations according to the time of their remaining immersed, and the nature of the liquid. The same may in some degree be said of the three other bodies included in the larger bracket. I have also compared the action of different metalliferous combinations in various diluted acids, &c. on the needle of the galvanometer, and some of the results are given in the following Table, in which cases sea-water, and also muriatic acid diluted with thirty-two parts of water, were employed. The figures show the angles of deflection observed when the needle became stationary, which may serve to give some idea of the relative effect of the combinations in question on the needle; but I find that the results are often considerably modified by the bodies being exposed for a longer or shorter time to the action of the acids, &c.; indeed this is so remarkable in the case of copper with zinc, that the needle often moves back much more than ten degrees from its maximum angle of deflection in one or two minutes after immersion; whereas in the case of iron with zinc, for example, the immediate retrograde motion of the needle is very inconsiderable, and it is still less, if anything, when some of the ores are substituted for one or both these metals. May not these phenomena depend on the relative degrees of tenacity with which the electric elements are retained by different bodies, it being apparently greatest in the case of compound bodies ?

scholarly journals A Method for the Simultaneous Cleansing of H2S and SO2

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Dzhamal R. Uzun ◽  
Elena Razkazova-Velkova ◽  
Venko Beschkov ◽  
Konstantin Petrov
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Sulfide ◽  
Sulfur Dioxide ◽  
Chemical Kinetics ◽  
Electrochemical Method ◽  
Flow Reactor ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Industrial Wastes ◽  
Process Rate ◽  
External Power ◽  
Electrochemical Mechanism

A method for the simultaneous electrochemical purification of hydrogen sulfide and sulfur dioxide from sea water or industrial wastes is proposed. Fundamentally the method is based on the electrochemical affinity of the pair H2S and SO2. The reactions (oxidation of H2S and reduction of SO2) proceed on а proper catalyst in a flow reactor, without an external power by electrochemical means. The partial curves of oxidation of H2S and reduction of SO2have been studied electrochemically on different catalysts. Following the additive principle the rate of the process has been found by intersection of the curves. The overall process rate has been studied in a flow type reactor. Similar values of the process rate have been found and these prove the electrochemical mechanism of the reactions. As a result the electrochemical method at adequate conditions is developed. The process is able to completely convert the initial reagents (concentrationsCH2S, SO2=0), which is difficult given the chemical kinetics.

scholarly journals The adaptations of Lasaea rubra (Montagu), a small intertidal lamellibranch

1957 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 383-405 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. Morton ◽  
A. D. Boney ◽  
E. D. S. Corner
Keyword(s):  
Sea Water ◽  
Low Level ◽  
High Level ◽  
Considerable Range

A study has been made of the ecology of the small intertidal lamellibranch Lasaea rubra at various tidal levels at Plymouth and Wembury. In addition, experiments have been carried out to investigate physiological and behavioural differences arising from varying amounts of submersion at different tidal levels, and the following findings have been made.During the first hour after their submersion by sea water, L. rubra from high up the shore filter at a rate approximately twice that of animals which live lower down. After 2 h, however, both sets of animals filter at the same rate.High-level animals respond significantly faster to wetting by splash and can tolerate a considerable range of salinity. They also respire at a rate approximately twice that of low-level animals. Respiration, however, is not detectable when the animal is not immersed in sea water.

scholarly journals 908 PB 533 STUDIES ON NATURE OF SALT TOLERANCE IN OKRA

HortScience ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 564b-564
Author(s):  
Kh. A. Okasha ◽  
R. M. Helal
Keyword(s):  
Salt Tolerance ◽  
Seed Germination ◽  
Plant Development ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Saline Water ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Total Yield ◽  
Gold Coast ◽  
Electronic Conductivities ◽  
High Level

Salt tolerance of four okra cutivars namely : white velvet ; Gold coast ; Balady and Eskandarani, were investigated during three different stages of plant development namely : seed germination, seedling and reproductive stages. At both first and second stages of plant development various concentrations of sea water (diluted with tap water) were used for irrigation while at the third stage, various saline water with different electronic conductivities were used for irrigation Results of these studies revealed that salinity reduced and delayed seed germination At this stage, white velvet cv. appeared to be tolerant to salinity. At the seedling stage, salinity generally reduced hash weight of plant for all tested cuitivars and Gold coast was the lead affected one At the reproductive stage, salinity reduced plant growth and total yield/plant but with different degrees depending upon cultivar In this respect, yield of both Gold coast and Balady was not greatly reduced at the high level of salinity The anatomical studies showed that salinity reduced xylem and phloem elements in okra roots depending upon both salinity level and cultivar Generally, the obtained results suggest that both Gold coast and Balady okra cultivars can considered as tolerant genotypes to salinity and recommended for cultivation in both and and semi-arid lands where salinity is considered a potential problem

scholarly journals SOIL HEALTH STATUS OF SELECT VILLAGE OF DISTRICT SONIPAT, HARYANA AND WAY FORWARD

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Anil Kanaujia ◽  
Samanwita Banerjee ◽  
Suruchi Malik ◽  
Kirti Sharma ◽  
Deepak Tyagi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Health ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
Cropping Pattern ◽  
Health Index ◽  
Department Of Agriculture ◽  
Health Card ◽  
Fertilizer Recommendations ◽  
Essential Nutrient ◽  
Farming Soil ◽  
Nitrogen Phosphorus

Soil health and fertility are the basis for gaining sustainable profit through higher productivity by the farmers. Using optimal doses of fertilizers and cropping pattern as per the scientific recommendations is the first step towards sustainable farming. Soil organic carbon (SOC) is the most important component in maintaining soil quality because of its role in improving physical, chemical, and biological properties of the soil. Organic matter is an important source of nitrogen, phosphorus and sulfur. Soil Health card is a Government of India's scheme promoted by the Department of Agriculture & Co-operation under the Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers' Welfare, apart from giving the health index of soil, will also indicate fertilizer recommendations and soil amendment required for the farm. Under Govt. of Haryana sanctioned Soil Health Card project, ARF carried out the fertility status study of 3000 acres of land of village Baroda Mor, block Mundlana, Tehsil Gohana, Sonipat, Haryana and distribute the cards well before the harvesting of Rabi crop with proper recommendation on dosage of appropriate fertilizer as per deficiency of essential nutrient parameter.

Innovative Surfactant Chemistry Offers the Performance Advantages to Invert Emulsion Drilling Fluids While Drilling Under Challenging Environments

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arvindbhai Patel ◽  
Anil Kumar Singh ◽  
Nikhil Bidwai ◽  
Sakshi Indulkar ◽  
Vivek Gupta
Keyword(s):  
Sea Water ◽  
Drilling Fluid ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Performance Criteria ◽  
Drilling Fluids ◽  
Treatment Situation ◽  
Invert Emulsion ◽  
Wetting Agents ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
High Level

Abstract Stable invert emulsion with oil wet solids is achieved using invert emulsifiers and wetting agents. This paper reviews the chemistry and performance criteria of traditional invert emulsifiers and wetting agents utilized in formulating stable invert emulsion drilling fluids. However, occasionally such stable invert emulsion drilling fluids can be destabilized due to various hostile conditions encountered during drilling operation, and can adversely impact the drilling cost. Extreme preventive measures cannot avoid such hostile conditions such as sudden water influx, excessive solids and salt contaminations during drilling. Upon solids becoming extremely water wet with "flipped emulsion", it becomes impossible to fix the drilling fluid, resulting in expensive maneuver. Often situation cannot be corrected with traditional wetting agents and emulsifiers even at high level of treatments. New innovative chemistry addresses the severe water-wetting and emulsion instability of invert emulsion under extreme challenging and hostile situations. The unique water soluble oil mud conditioner (OMC) synergistically enhances the performances of traditional oil-wetting agents and emulsifiers at very low, as little as 0.5 ppb levels of treatment. This OMC improves and extends the efficacy of the traditional invert emulsifiers and oil wetting agents resulting in reduced usage of these additives with excellent economic advantages. The 15.0 ppg, invert emulsion drilling fluids were prepared using 2-3 ppb of primary and secondary emulsifiers, and these fluids were destabilized using high shear mixer for 7-8 hours. The destabilized fluids had severe water wet solids and ES value of less than 5. These destabilized fluids, upon treating with 0.5 ppb of newly developed OMC instantly became oil-wet and shiny and ES was increased to greater than 500. To demonstrate the effectiveness of OMC in pre-treatment situation, the base fluids treated with 0.5 −1.0 ppb of OMC showed superior mud stability compared to base fluid when contaminated with sea water, fine solids, barite and high salt contaminations. The OMC is flexible in its application and can be used as pre-treatment to improve the overall performance of drilling fluids and can also be used for post-treatment to recover the drilling fluids, which have been rendered unusable.

A novel 14-3-3 gene is osmoregulated in gill epithelium of the euryhaline teleost Fundulus heteroclitus

2001 ◽  
Vol 204 (17) ◽  
pp. 2975-2985 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dietmar Kültz ◽  
Devulapalli Chakravarty ◽  
Tadepalli Adilakshmi
Keyword(s):  
Signal Transduction ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Fundulus Heteroclitus ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Amino Acid Residues ◽  
Gill Epithelium ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Euryhaline Teleost ◽  
Binding Groove ◽  
High Level

SUMMARY We have cloned and analyzed the full-length coding sequence and 3′ untranslated region (UTR) of a unique 14-3-3 gene of the euryhaline teleost Fundulus heteroclitus, which we named 14-3-3.a. Phylogenetic analysis of the deduced amino acid sequence revealed that the 14-3-3.a gene product is most similar to vertebrate 14-3-3ζ and β, yet it displays considerable divergence to known classes of vertebrate 14-3-3 isoforms. The N and C termini of 14-3-3.a are the most unique regions, whereas the amino acid residues forming the amphipathic ligand-binding groove are highly conserved. F. heteroclitus 14-3-3.a mRNA expression is high in gill epithelium, moderate in intestine and brain, and low in gonads, white muscle and heart. Because 14-3-3 proteins are important molecular scaffolds and cofactors for phosphoproteins and signaling complexes, the high level of 14-3-3.a expression in gill epithelium of the euryhaline teleost F. heteroclitus suggests that it is crucial for signal transduction in gill epithelial cells. We provide evidence that 14-3-3.a is involved in osmosensory signal transduction by showing that its mRNA and protein levels in gill epithelium, but not in any other tissue analyzed, increase two- to fourfold within 24h of salinity transfer of fish from sea water to fresh water. These data are clear evidence for an important role of 14-3-3.a in the remodeling of gill epithelium during transition of euryhaline fish between plasma-hyperosmotic and plasma-hyposmotic environments.

Photochemical combustion of organic matter in sea water, for nitrogen, phosphorus and carbon determination

1968 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 143-152 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. A. J. Armstrong ◽  
Susan Tibbitts
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Phosphorus Compounds ◽  
Nitrogen Compounds ◽  
English Channel ◽  
First Order ◽  
First Order Kinetics ◽  
Channel Water ◽  
Carbon Determination ◽  
Nitrogen Phosphorus

A photochemical reactor, using a medium power mercury arc lamp for oxidation of organic matter in sea water, is described. The decomposition of some known compounds in distilled water and in sea water, using a 380 W lamp, was followed. First order kinetics with rate constants in the range 0·2–4·0 h−1 were observed. All the nitrogen compounds tested, including urea and some of its derivatives, were oxidized quantitatively. Breakdown of phosphorus compounds was rapid, but polyphosphate esters yielded polyphosphate ion which was only slowly hydrolysed to reactive orthophosphate. If polyphosphate is to be determined, hydrolysis by heating with acid should follow the irradiation. Some samples of English Channel water contained 0·02-0–05 fig-axom P/1. as organic polyphosphate.

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