Innovative Surfactant Chemistry Offers the Performance Advantages to Invert Emulsion Drilling Fluids While Drilling Under Challenging Environments

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arvindbhai Patel ◽  
Anil Kumar Singh ◽  
Nikhil Bidwai ◽  
Sakshi Indulkar ◽  
Vivek Gupta
Keyword(s):  
Sea Water ◽  
Drilling Fluid ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Performance Criteria ◽  
Drilling Fluids ◽  
Treatment Situation ◽  
Invert Emulsion ◽  
Wetting Agents ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
High Level

Abstract Stable invert emulsion with oil wet solids is achieved using invert emulsifiers and wetting agents. This paper reviews the chemistry and performance criteria of traditional invert emulsifiers and wetting agents utilized in formulating stable invert emulsion drilling fluids. However, occasionally such stable invert emulsion drilling fluids can be destabilized due to various hostile conditions encountered during drilling operation, and can adversely impact the drilling cost. Extreme preventive measures cannot avoid such hostile conditions such as sudden water influx, excessive solids and salt contaminations during drilling. Upon solids becoming extremely water wet with "flipped emulsion", it becomes impossible to fix the drilling fluid, resulting in expensive maneuver. Often situation cannot be corrected with traditional wetting agents and emulsifiers even at high level of treatments. New innovative chemistry addresses the severe water-wetting and emulsion instability of invert emulsion under extreme challenging and hostile situations. The unique water soluble oil mud conditioner (OMC) synergistically enhances the performances of traditional oil-wetting agents and emulsifiers at very low, as little as 0.5 ppb levels of treatment. This OMC improves and extends the efficacy of the traditional invert emulsifiers and oil wetting agents resulting in reduced usage of these additives with excellent economic advantages. The 15.0 ppg, invert emulsion drilling fluids were prepared using 2-3 ppb of primary and secondary emulsifiers, and these fluids were destabilized using high shear mixer for 7-8 hours. The destabilized fluids had severe water wet solids and ES value of less than 5. These destabilized fluids, upon treating with 0.5 ppb of newly developed OMC instantly became oil-wet and shiny and ES was increased to greater than 500. To demonstrate the effectiveness of OMC in pre-treatment situation, the base fluids treated with 0.5 −1.0 ppb of OMC showed superior mud stability compared to base fluid when contaminated with sea water, fine solids, barite and high salt contaminations. The OMC is flexible in its application and can be used as pre-treatment to improve the overall performance of drilling fluids and can also be used for post-treatment to recover the drilling fluids, which have been rendered unusable.

Low ECD High Performance Invert Emulsion Drilling Fluids: Lab Development and Field Deployment

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vikrant Wagle ◽  
Abdullah Yami ◽  
Michael Onoriode ◽  
Jacques Butcher ◽  
Nivika Gupta
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Filter Cake ◽  
Drilling Fluid ◽  
Field Performance ◽  
Superior Performance ◽  
Core Material ◽  
Drilling Fluids ◽  
Invert Emulsion ◽  
Field Deployment ◽  
Permeability Studies

Abstract The present paper describes the results of the formulation of an acid-soluble low ECD organoclay-free invert emulsion drilling fluid formulated with acid soluble manganese tetroxide and a specially designed bridging package. The paper also presents a short summary of field applications to date. The novel, non-damaging fluid has superior rheology resulting in lower ECD, excellent suspension properties for effective hole cleaning and barite-sag resistance while also reducing the risk of stuck pipe in high over balance applications. 95pcf high performance invert emulsion fluid (HPIEF) was formulated using an engineered bridging package comprising of acid-soluble bridging agents and an acid-soluble weighting agent viz. manganese tetroxide. The paper describes the filtration and rheological properties of the HPIEF after hot rolling at 300oF. Different tests such as contamination testing, sag-factor analysis, high temperature-high pressure rheology measurements and filter-cake breaking studies at 300oF were performed on the HPIEF. The 95pcf fluid was also subjected to particle plugging experiments to determine the invasion characteristics and the non-damaging nature of the fluids. The 95pcf HPIEF exhibited optimal filtration properties at high overbalance conditions. The low PV values and rheological profile support low ECDs while drilling. The static aging tests performed on the 95pcf HPIEF resulted in a sag factor of less than 0.53, qualifying the inherent stability for expected downhole conditions. The HPIEF demonstrated resilience to contamination testing with negligible change in properties. Filter-cake breaking experiments performed using a specially designed breaker fluid system gave high filter-cake breaking efficiency. Return permeability studies were performed with the HPIEF against synthetic core material, results of which confirmed the non-damaging design of the fluid. The paper thus demonstrates the superior performance of the HPIEF in achieving the desired lab and field performance.

Improving the rheological properties of water-based calcium bentonite drilling fluids using water-soluble polymers in high temperature applications

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jinliang Liu ◽  
Fengshan Zhou ◽  
Fengyi Deng ◽  
Hongxing Zhao ◽  
Zhongjin Wei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Rheological Properties ◽  
Apparent Viscosity ◽  
Drilling Fluid ◽  
Shear Thickening ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Drilling Fluids ◽  
Drilling Depth ◽  
Filtration Loss ◽  
Calcium Bentonite

Abstract Most of bentonite used in modern drilling engineering is physically and chemically modified calcium bentonite. However, with the increase of drilling depth, the bottom hole temperature may reach 180 °C, thus a large amount of calcium bentonite used in the drilling fluid will be unstable. This paper covers three kinds of calcium bentonite with poor rheological properties at high temperature, such as apparent viscosity is greater than 45 mPa·s or less than 10 mPa·s, API filtration loss is greater than 25 mL/30 min, which are diluted type, shear thickening type and low-shear type, these defects will make the rheological properties of drilling fluid worse. The difference is attributed to bentonite mineral composition, such as montmorillonite with good hydration expansion performance. By adding three kinds of heat-resistant water-soluble copolymers Na-HPAN (hydrolyzed polyacrylonitrile sodium), PAS (polycarboxylate salt) and SMP (sulfomethyl phenolic resin), the rheological properties of calcium bentonite drilling fluids can be significantly improved. For example, the addition of 0.1 wt% Na-HPAN and 0.1 wt% PAS increased the apparent viscosity of the XZJ calcium bentonite suspension from 4.5 to 19.5 mPa·s at 180 °C, and the filtration loss also decreased from 20.2 to 17.8 mL.

Modification of Nanoclay Systems: An Approach to Stabilizing Drilling Fluids

2013 ◽  
Vol 829 ◽  
pp. 818-824
Author(s):  
Sahar Kafashi ◽  
Ramin Taghdimi ◽  
Gholamreza Karimi
Keyword(s):  
Rheological Properties ◽  
Drilling Fluid ◽  
Experimental Tests ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Drilling Fluids ◽  
Drilling Mud ◽  
Flow Properties ◽  
Water Soluble Polymer ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Oil Company

This study was aimed to investigate the rheological properties and the possibility of nano(Na, Ca )- bentonites nanoproducts to meet the required drilling mud properties. Sepiolite (Sp) and the mixture of 2% nanoNaB with 1% Sp were collected and prepared from Irans oil Company (NIOC). The nanoclay performance evaluation involved the experimental tests of the rheological properties, filtration and gel strength. According to the results obtained from flow properties tests for the mixture, it was indicated that the mixture was not adequate to be a suitable drilling fluid. The main objective was to make stable dispersions with nanobentonite and sepiolite by using a water soluble polymer as stabilizer. The changes in the rheological properties of bentonite were investigated at various concentrations of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) to discover the stability of the dispersions. The standard API tests were applied for drilling fluid to determine the properties of dispersions.

scholarly journals The Preparation and Performances of Self-Dispersed Nanomicron Emulsified Wax Solid Lubricant Ewax for Drilling Fluids

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Feng-shan Zhou ◽  
Ting-ting Wang ◽  
Zheng-qiang Xiong ◽  
Wen-yue Guo ◽  
Xi Xiang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Solid Lubricant ◽  
Drilling Fluid ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Drilling Fluids ◽  
Soluble Polymer ◽  
Water Soluble Polymer ◽  
Filtration Loss ◽  
Water Based ◽  
Liquid Products ◽  
Reduced Rate

An oil-in-water nanomicron wax emulsion with oil phase content 45 wt% was prepared by using the emulsifying method of surfactant-in-oil. The optimum prepared condition is 85°C, 20 min, and 5 wt% complex emulsifiers. Then the abovementioned nanomicron emulsifying wax was immersed into a special water-soluble polymer in a certain percentage by the semidry technology. At last, a solidified self-dispersed nanomicron emulsified wax named as Ewax, a kind of solid lubricant for water based drilling fluid, was obtained after dried in the special soluble polymer containing emulsifying wax in low temperature. It is shown that the adhesion coefficient reduced rate(ΔKf)is 73.5% and the extreme pressure (E-P) friction coefficient reduced rate(Δf)is 77.6% when the produced Ewax sample was added to fresh water based drilling fluid at dosage 1.0 wt%. In comparison with other normal similar liquid products, Ewax not only has better performances of lubrication, filtration loss control property, heat resistance, and tolerance to salt and is environmentally friendly, but also can solve the problems of freezing in the winter and poor storage stability of liquid wax emulsion in oilfield applications.

Fate of Emulsifier in Invert Emulsion Drilling Fluids: Hydrolysis and Adsorption on Solids

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dimitri Khramov ◽  
Evgeny Barmatov
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Drilling Fluid ◽  
Freundlich Isotherm ◽  
Model Systems ◽  
Chemical Degradation ◽  
Fluid Loss ◽  
Resonance Spectroscopy ◽  
Drilling Fluids ◽  
Invert Emulsion ◽  
Emulsifier Concentration

Abstract Emulsifier concentration in SBM is an important factor of drilling fluid stability. Proper concentration of amidoamine emulsifier is imperative for controlling low fluid loss and maintaining emulsion stability. This study investigates the physical and chemical interactions between emulsifier and other additives and describes the processes by which emulsifier is depleted from the drilling fluid. Three main pathways of emulsifier consumption are identified: emulsifier adsorption on solids found in drilling fluids and low gravity solids (LGS), chemical degradation, and to stabilize the invert emulsion. Design of experiments model and analytical procedure based on 1H NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance) spectroscopy was used to quantify the required emulsifier concentration in Non-Aqueous Fluid system (NAF). Additionally, model systems were used to estimate the excess of emulsifier, evaluate the emulsifier losses due to alkaline hydrolysis at elevated temperature, and measure adsorption of emulsifier on barite and various LGS types. Calculations for emulsifier depletion based on model systems were correlated to performance of formulated drilling fluids for verification. Typical emulsifier requirement in high performance NAF is 8-12 pounds per barrel (ppb). Majority of the emulsifier is adsorbed on weighting agents (barite) and rheology modifiers (clays), which are used to formulate NAF, that contribute to their effective dispersion in the solution and control fluid rheology. The adsorption process is found to be sensitive to the emulsifier concentration, solids mineralogy, wetting agent and temperature. Analytical Langmuir-Freundlich isotherm was used to describe adsorption data and estimate the adsorption capacity of the system. The emulsifier degradation pathway is another important factor of emulsifier consumption; however, emulsifier degradation at 250°F is not significant. While NAF are generally run ‘rich’ to mitigate depletion and maintain fluid stability, adsorption onto minerals will become an issue especially at high LGS concentration. These results will be greatly beneficial in the further development of NAF drilling fluid formulations and will assist field engineers in understanding the effect excess emulsifier will have on the drilling fluid and enable them to more effectively control the fluid properties under variations in emulsifier and LGS concentration during drilling.

Investigation of Biodiesel-Based Drilling Fluid, Part 1: Biodiesel Evaluation, Invert-Emulsion Properties, and Development of a Novel Emulsifier Package

SPE Journal ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 21 (05) ◽  
pp. 1755-1766 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wai Li ◽  
Xionghu Zhao ◽  
Yihui Ji ◽  
Hui Peng ◽  
Bin Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Drilling Fluid ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Hydrolytic Stability ◽  
Waste Cooking Oil ◽  
Drilling Fluids ◽  
Base Oil ◽  
Cooking Oil ◽  
Invert Emulsion ◽  
Organophilic Clay

Summary As a type of mono-alkyl ester, biodiesel exhibits great potential to serve as the base oil of drilling fluids substituting for conventional oil-based drilling fluids (OBDFs). This paper presents a series of laboratory investigations of water-in-biodiesel (invert) emulsion as the basis of a high-performance, environmentally friendly, and low-cost biodiesel-based drilling fluid (BBDF). Biodiesel produced from waste cooking oil was used to formulate a BBDF because of its high flashpoint, reliable storage stability, acceptable elastomeric material compatibility, nontoxicity, and excellent biodegradability. In light of the results of tests used to measure various properties, the biodiesel invert-emulsion chemistry, including the required hydrophile/lipophile balance (HLB), optimal emulsifier, effects of different additives (organophilic clay, calcium chloride, and lime), as well as hydrolytic stability, was studied. A biodiesel invert emulsion that remains stable after hot rolling at 120°C for 16 hours can be prepared with correct combinations of additives, thereby offering a firm foundation for designing BBDFs. The novel emulsifier package developed in this work is introduced as an achievement in the comprehensive usage of waste cooking oil because its feedstock is identical to that of biodiesel. An initial economic analysis of the use of biodiesel for drilling is also presented. Details of the formulations and properties of BBDFs derived from this fundamental research are discussed in another paper (Part 2).

DRILLING FLUIDS AND THEIR ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT: CHARACTERISATION OF BASE FLUIDS AND THE INTRODUCTION OF QUALITY CONTROL PROCEDURES

1999 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 628
Author(s):  
R. Papp ◽  
S.J. Fisher
Keyword(s):  
Quality Control ◽  
Environmental Impact ◽  
Base Fluid ◽  
Public Perception ◽  
Drilling Fluid ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Drilling Fluids ◽  
The North ◽  
Invert Emulsion ◽  
Control Procedures

Since the early 1990s, a variety of invert emulsion base fluids have been introduced into the drilling fluid market. The chemical composition of these fluids has evolved with the focus on minimising the environmental impact of discharged cuttings that contain adhered drilling fluids.The trend within Australia and other regions in which drilling fluids are extensively used, is that the life span of these fluids has become increasingly shorter, due to environmental impact pressures from the regulatory authorities in the North Sea and Australia, as well as public perception within these regions.The Well Construction Department within Woodside Energy Ltd. (WEL) has identified the need to characterise these base fluids in a manner that was both reproducible and definitive. The need was driven by the availability of a large number of commercial base fluids claiming technical and environmental superiority and the requirement for robust quality control systems for the base fluids from production to discharge—a cradle to grave philosophy.To this end, a study was initiated in 1997 where several drilling fluids were analysed using gas chromatography- mass spectrometry (GC-MS) techniques. From this work, four classifications of invert emulsion, non-water based fluids (NWBF) have been identified. They include low toxicity oil based fluids (LTOBF), enhanced mineral oil based fluids (EMOBF), synthetic based fluids (SBF), and oxygen based fluids (OBF). The definition of these fluids and the rationale for this classification is presented here.The GC-MS characterisation has provided an insight into the structure of the base fluid, rheological characteristics, quality control/quality assurance, and in the future, the ability to develop a robust link to minimising environmental impact of the discharge.All of these benefits will aid in developing drilling fluids which achieve the technical objectives of drilling fluids as well as minimising the environmental impact. The quality control procedures for the base fluid also allow an auditable process for benchmarking with input from the regulator, operator, fluid service company and manufacturer.

scholarly journals Towards the design of new and improved drilling fluid additives using molecular dynamics simulations

2010 ◽  
Vol 82 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard L. Anderson ◽  
H. Christopher Greenwel ◽  
James L. Suter ◽  
Rebecca M. Jarvis ◽  
Peter V. Coveney
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Dynamics ◽  
Clay Minerals ◽  
Computer Simulations ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Drilling Fluid ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Dynamics Simulation ◽  
Drilling Fluids ◽  
Clay Swelling ◽  
Poly Ethylene

During exploration for oil and gas, a technical drilling fluid is used to lubricate the drill bit, maintain hydrostatic pressure, transmit sensor readings, remove rock cuttings and inhibit swelling of unstable clay based reactive shale formations. Increasing environmental awareness and resulting legislation has led to the search for new, improved biodegradable drilling fluid components. In the case of additives for clay swelling inhibition, an understanding of how existing effective additives interact with clays must be gained to allow the design of improved molecules. Owing to the disordered nature and nanoscopic dimension of the interlayer pores of clay minerals, computer simulations have become an increasingly useful tool for studying clay-swelling inhibitor interactions. In this work we briefly review the history of the development of technical drilling fluids, the environmental impact of drilling fluids and the use of computer simulations to study the interactions between clay minerals and swelling inhibitors. We report on results from some recent large-scale molecular dynamics simulation studies on low molecular weight water-soluble macromolecular inhibitor molecules. The structure and interactions of poly(propylene oxide)-diamine, poly(ethylene glycol) and poly(ethylene oxide)-diacrylate inhibitor molecules with montmorillonite clay are studied.

Synthesis and Performance Study of the Nanomaterial Used to Stabilize the Reversible Invert Emulsion Drilling Fluid

2017 ◽  
Vol 744 ◽  
pp. 498-505 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fei Liu ◽  
Yan Ling Wang
Keyword(s):  
Drilling Fluid ◽  
Drilling Fluids ◽  
Performance Study ◽  
Organic Amine ◽  
Environmental Threat ◽  
Invert Emulsion ◽  
Drilling Cost ◽  
And Performance ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Better Than

The reversible invert emulsion drilling fluids can achieve performance of oil based drilling fluid and solve the disadvantages associated by the oil based drilling fluid. This reversible invert emulsion drilling fluid can also focus the advantages of both oil based and water based drilling fluids. The surfactant emulsifier is the currently reported emulsifier used in the reversible invert emulsion. The stability of the reversible invert emulsion drilling fluid is very poor that can be known from the low emulsion breaking voltage. The dosage of the surfactant emulsifier is so much that it can increase the drilling cost and environmental pollution. In this paper, organic amine surfactant-modified nanoparticles are prepared and the modified nanoparticle which can be used to stabilize the reversible invert emulsion drilling fluid is chosen. The stability of the reversible invert emulsion drilling fluid stabilized by modified nanoparticles (emulsion breaking voltage>1100V) is better than the reversible invert emulsion drilling fluid stabilized by surfactant (450V<emulsion breaking voltage<600V). The dosage of the organic amine surfactant-modified nanoparticle emulsifier (2.4 wt.%) is less than the dosage of the surfactant emulsifier (4 wt.%), hence, reducing the drilling cost and environmental threat. The reversible invert emulsion drilling fluid stabilized by modified nanoparticles perform similar to the reversible invert emulsion drilling fluid stabilized by surfactant in the aspect of oiliness cuttings treatment. The reversible invert emulsion drilling fluid stabilized by modified nanoparticles also perform well in the aspect of oiliness cuttings treatment.

Jam processing: Effect of pectin replacement by locust bean gum on its characteristics

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Aida Mekhoukhe ◽  
Nacer Mohellebi ◽  
Tayeb Mohellebi ◽  
Leila Deflaoui-Abdelfettah ◽  
Sonia Medouni-Adrar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cold Water ◽  
Physicochemical Characteristics ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Sensory Profile ◽  
Locust Bean Gum ◽  
Locust Bean ◽  
Preference Map ◽  
The Right ◽  
High Level ◽  
The Impact

OBJECTIVE: the present work proposed to extract Locust Bean Gum (LBG) from Algerian carob fruits, evaluate physicochemical and rheological properties (solubility). It aimed also to develop different formulations of strawberry jams with a mixture of LBG and pectin in order to obtain a product with a high sensory acceptance. METHODS: the physicochemical characteristics of LBG were assessed. The impact of temperature on solubility was also studied. The physical and the sensory profile and acceptance of five Jams were evaluated. RESULTS: composition results revealed that LBG presented a high level of carbohydrate but low concentrations of fat and ash. The LBG was partially cold-water-soluble (∼62% at 25°C) and needed heating to reach a higher solubility value (∼89% at 80 °C). Overall, the sensorial acceptances decreased in jams J3 which was formulated with 100% pectin and commercial one (J5). The external preference map explained that most consumers were located to the right side of the map providing evidence that most samples appreciated were J4 and J2 (rate of 80–100%). CONCLUSION: In this investigation, the LBG was used successfully in the strawberry jam’s formulation.

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