scholarly journals Sonographic Assessment of Normal Fetal Cerebral Lateral Ventricular Diameter at Different Gestational Ages

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Udoh Benjamin Effiong ◽  
Ogbu Sylvanus ◽  
Wilson Imo Uduak ◽  
Ulu Okoro Ulu
Keyword(s):  
Gestational Age ◽  
Ultrasound Scan ◽  
Inclusion Criteria ◽  
Normal Range ◽  
Fetal Head ◽  
Australian Society ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Normal Dimension ◽  
Pregnant Mothers

Abnormal dilatation of ventricles has been shown to be the most common abnormality of the brain & fetus in most of the geographical zones, but the normal dimension of the fetal lateral ventricle in south-south geopolitical zones of Nigeria has not been evaluated. The aim of this study was to determine the normal feto-lateral ventricular diameter using ultrasound at different gestational ages. Measurement of the fetal-lateral ventricular diameter was obtained from 685 fetuses of pregnant mothers that met the inclusion criteria during routine ultrasound scan in Calabar metropolis. Measurement of the ventricular diameter was taken at the level of the atria, measured according to Australian society for ultrasound in medicine guidelines. The result shows that the mean lateral ventricular diameter of fetuses in the studied region is 6.62 ± 2.51 mm with a range of 4.12-9.54 mm. The lateral ventricular diameter and the fetal head circumferences, as well as the gestational age, do not show any significant correlation throughout gestation. Conclusion: Fetuses in Calabar Metropolis have a lateral ventricular diameter that ranges from 4.12 - 9.54 mm. Ventricular diameter above this normal range in this region and could be considered as an abnormal and may demand further investigations.

scholarly journals Penile length of newborns and children in Surakarta, Indonesia

2013 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 65 ◽  
Author(s):  
Annang Giri Moelyo ◽  
Melita Widyastuti
Keyword(s):  
Down Syndrome ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
Ambiguous Genitalia ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Normal Range ◽  
Penile Length ◽  
Central Java ◽  
Majority Population ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Diagnosis Age

Background Penile length is a factor for assessing abnormalities inexternal genitalia. To diagnose micropenis, a condition in whichpenile length is < - 2.5 standard deviations (SD), a reference isrequired for diagnosis. Age and race/ethnic groups are factorsthat contribute to normal penile length. To date, Indon esia doesnot have such a reference for normal penile length in newbornsand children.Objective To assess normal penile length in newborns and childrenin Surakarta, Central Java, in which the majority population isofJavanese ethnicity.Methods We studied male newborns and children who werepatients in Moewardi Hospital from January 2011 to January2012. We included males aged 0-18 years whose parents providedinformed consent. We excluded children with undescendedtestis, hypospadia, ambiguous genitalia, con genital anomalies,or syndromes (such as Down syndrome). For penile len gthmeasurements, we stretched the flaccid penis, depressed thepubic fat and placed a wooden spatula vertically along the dorsalpenis. The penile length was measured from the penile baseto the tip of the glans excluding the prepuce. Measurementswere performed three times and a mean value was calculatedfor each subject.Results Of the 300 subjects, 100 were newborns and 200 werechildren aged 1 month - 18 years. Two hundred ninety-six subjects(98.7%) were Javanese. The mean penile lengths of preterm(gestational age 30-36 weeks) and term (gestational age > 36weeks) newborns were 1.88 (SD 0.14) cm and 2.3 7 (SD 0.26) cm,respectively. The mean penile lengths by age groupings were asfollows: 0-<6 months, 2.67 (SD 0.58) cm; 6- < 12 months, 2.67(SD 0.58) cm; 1- <3 years, 2.80 (SD 0.84) cm; 3-<5 years, 3 .50(SD 0.55) cm; 5- <7 years, 3 .50 (SD 0.71) cm; 7-<9 years, 3 .85(SD 0.53 ) cm; 9-<ll years, 4.50 (SD 0.71) cm; 11-< 13 years,4.63 (SD 1.13) cm; 13-< 15 years, 5.53 (SD 1.45) cm; and 15-18years, 6.16 (SD 1.19) cm.Conclusion Normal penile length in boys in Surakarta is smallerthan the normal range reference currently in use.

Longitudinal diffusion-weighted imaging in infants with hydrocephalus: decrease in tissue water diffusion after cerebrospinal fluid diversion

2009 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 56-63 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul H. Leliefeld ◽  
Rob H. J. M. Gooskens ◽  
Kees P. J. Braun ◽  
Lino M. P. Ramos ◽  
Cuno S. P. M. Uiterwaal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brain Parenchyma ◽  
Periventricular White Matter ◽  
Normal Range ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Diffusion Weighted ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Adc Values ◽  
Csf Diversion ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Brain

Object Progressive hydrocephalus may lead to edema of the periventricular white matter and to damage of the brain parenchyma because of compression, stretching, and ischemia. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether cerebral edema can be quantified using diffusion-weighted imaging in infants with hydrocephalus and whether CSF diversion could decrease cerebral edema. Methods Diffusion-weighted MR imaging was performed in 24 infants with progressive hydrocephalus before and after CSF diversion. Parametric images of the trace apparent diffusion coefficients (ADCs) were obtained. The ADCs of 5 different cortical and subcortical regions of interest were calculated pre- and postoperatively in each patient. The ADC values were compared with age-related normal values. Mean arterial blood pressure and anterior fontanel pressure were measured immediately after each MR imaging study. Results After CSF diversion, the mean ADC decreased from a preoperative value of 1209 ± 116 × 10−6 mm2/second to a postoperative value of 928 ± 64 × 10−6 mm2/second (p < 0.005). Differences between pre- and postoperative ADC values were most prominent in the periventricular white matter, supporting the existence of preoperative periventricular edema. Compared with age-related normal values, the preoperative ADC values were higher and the postoperative ADC values were lower, although within normal range. The decrease in ADC after CSF drainage was more rapid than the more gradual physiological decrease that is related to age. The preoperative ICP was elevated in all patients. After CSF diversion the ICP decreased significantly to within the normal range. A linear correlation between ADC values and ICP was found (correlation coefficient 0.496, p < 0.001). In all patients the mean arterial blood pressure was within physiological limits both pre- and postoperatively. Conclusions This study shows a rapid and more extensive decrease in ADC values after CSF diversion than is to be expected from physiological ADC decrease solely due to increasing patient age. The preoperative ADC increase can be explained by interstitial edema caused by transependymal CSF leakage or by vasogenic edema caused by capillary compression and stretching of the brain parenchyma. This study population of infants with (early recognized) hydrocephalus did not suffer from cytotoxic edema. These findings may help to detect patients at risk for cerebral damage by differentiating between progressive and compensated hydrocephalus.

PSYCHOLOGIC AND NEUROLOGIC STATUS OF DIET-TREATED PHENYLKETONURIC CHILDREN AND THEIR SIBLINGS

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1961 ◽  
Vol 28 (6) ◽  
pp. 924-934
Author(s):  
Phyllis W. Berman ◽  
Frances K. Graham ◽  
Peter L. Eichman ◽  
Harry A. Waisman
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Control ◽  
Intelligence Testing ◽  
Normal Range ◽  
Intelligence Level ◽  
Neurologic Status ◽  
Special Diet ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The One ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Neurologic Findings

The neurologic status and intelligence of 8 phenylketonuric children treated with a phenylalanine-low diet were compared with that of 11 unaffected children and 3 untreated siblings. The mean intelligence of the treated children was significantly higher than that of their untreated siblings. This was true both for the two children given a special diet at 2 years of age and for those treated earlier, but the children treated before 6 months of age were significantly more intelligent than those treated at 2 years. The one child for whom treatment was begun at 1 year had an intelligence level within the range of the five who were treated earlier. Although intelligence was significantly higher in treated than in untreated children, and this was especially marked in the children treated early, all treated children were significantly less intelligent than their unaffected siblings. The loss in intelligence probably cannot be ascribed to poor chemical control, as treated children maintained phenylalanine levels within the normal range throughout treatment, with occasional brief exceptions. Neurologic findings paralleled the results of intelligence testing. There were no suggestive or positive findings among the unaffected children. Children treated early had some relatively minor findings, while children treated late and those who were untreated had a higher percentage and more marked signs of neurologic defect. Results of the present study considered together with results from other investigations, indicate that intelligence level, in phenylketonuric children, is a decelerating function of age. If this is true, the brain may be especially susceptible to damage in the first few weeks and months of life, and treatment should be instituted as early as possible.

scholarly journals FETAL HEAD ANTHROPOMETRY: A CROSSSECTIONAL STUDY FROM KUMAUN REGION

2019 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anamika Jaiswal ◽  
Ankit Kaushik ◽  
AK Singh
Keyword(s):  
Gestational Age ◽  
First Trimester ◽  
P Value ◽  
Strong Positive Correlation ◽  
Second Trimester ◽  
Third Trimester ◽  
Fetal Head ◽  
Increase With Increase ◽  
Local Reference ◽  
The Mean

Introduction: Biparietal diameter (BPD) and head circumference (HC) are important for estimating gestational age (GA), monitoring fetal growth and to rule out congenital abnormalities. Western references using HC and BPD can lead to erroneous GA estimation, therefore regional reference is required. Aim: To measure HC and BPD in fetus at different GA, their relationship with GA and comparison of HC and BPD with expected HC and BPD by “Hadlock’s formula”. Material & Methods: CRL, HC and BPD were measured in 72 fetuses. Mean and standard deviation of HC and BPD were calculated for all fetuses and across three trimesters. The correlation of HC and BPD with GA was calculated and p value was derived. Hadlock’s HC and BPD were calculated for the gestational age. The observed HC and BPD in the study were compared with the Hadlock’s value to find out any difference between them Results: The mean HC of fetuses was 23.7 ± 8.58 cm. The mean HC in first trimester was 6.3 cm, 15.13 cm in second trimester and 30.8 cm in third trimester. The mean HC of fetuses according to Hadlock’s formula was 23.72 ± 8.80 cm. The mean Hadlock’s HC in first trimester was 5.6 cm, 14.92 cm in second trimester and 31.12 cm in third trimester. The mean BPD in the studied fetuses was 5.92 ± 2.24 cm. The mean BPD in first trimester was 1.7 cm, 4.8 cm in second trimester and 7.8 cm in third trimester. The mean Hadlock’s BPD was 6.33 ± 2.41 cm. The mean Hadlock’s BPD in first trimester was 1.6 cm, 4.4 cm in second trimester and 8.3 cm in third trimester. The mean HC of fetuses were nearly equal to mean Hadlock’s formula, while BPD of the study fetuses was less than mean Hadlock’s BPD. Both HC and BPD measured at different GA showed increase, with increase in GA and strong positive correlation and statistically significant association. Conclusion: This study had shown that while HC is nearly equal to Hadlock’s reference, BPD was less than Hadlock’s for GA, reflecting need of local reference data for accurate fetal age estimation.

Evaluation of Pulse Oximetry in Healthy Brachycephalic Dogs

2018 ◽  
Vol 54 (6) ◽  
pp. 344-350 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shiara Arulpagasam ◽  
Cassie Lux ◽  
Adesola Odunayo ◽  
Jeffery Biskup ◽  
Xiaocun Sun
Keyword(s):  
Pulse Oximetry ◽  
Upper Airway ◽  
Blood Gas ◽  
Inclusion Criteria ◽  
Normal Range ◽  
Arterial Blood Gas ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Lower Spo2 ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Blood Gas Parameters

ABSTRACT Brachycephalic airway syndrome (BAS) is characterized by increased upper airway resistance due to conformational abnormalities occurring in brachycephalic dogs (BD). In this prospective study, we evaluated pulse oximetry (SpO2) and arterial blood gas values in 18 healthy BD and compared these values with those of 18 healthy mesocephalic and dolichocephalic dogs (MDD). All dogs were assigned a BAS score based on an owner questionnaire. Inclusion criteria included presentation to the hospital for a problem unrelated to the respiratory system and unremarkable blood analyses and physical examination. In awake dogs, SpO2 values were obtained from a minimum of two sites. Dogs were then sedated, and SpO2 values were obtained again concurrently with an arterial blood gas sample. The SpO2 values were significantly lower in BD compared with MDD, but there were no statistically significant differences between BD and MDD for any arterial blood gas parameters. Based on the BAS score, BD who were moderately BAS-affected (n = 5), had significantly lower arterial saturation of hemoglobin with oxygen values on arterial blood gas when compared with MDD (n = 18). Although BD had statistically lower SpO2 values than MDD, the mean SpO2 values for both groups were within the normal range.

scholarly journals Are The Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte, Platelet-to-lymphocyte And Monocyte-to-lymphocyte Ratios Predictive Factors For The Retinopathy Of Prematurity?

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adem Uğurlu ◽  
Erel İçel ◽  
Nurdan Gamze Taşlı ◽  
Hayati Yılmaz ◽  
Turgay Uçak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gestational Age ◽  
Retinopathy Of Prematurity ◽  
Independent Predictor ◽  
Inclusion Criteria ◽  
Independent Risk Factors ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Gestational Age At Birth ◽  
Age At Birth ◽  
Group 1

Abstract Purpose: In this study, we aimed to evaluate the possible relationship between the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte, monocyte-to-lymphocyte and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio and retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). Method: The data of 348 patients who applied to Erzincan University Ophthalmology Unit for screening the retinopathy of prematurity were analyzed retrospectively. One hundred sixty seven patients who were collected CBC samples within the first 72 hours after delivery and who met the inclusion criteria were included in the study. Infants with a gestational age of ≤35 week were screened for ROP. Pateints were divided into two groups. Group 1 was involved the patients with the diagnosis of ROP and group 2 was involved the normal patients (no ROP). The levels of NLR, PLR and MLR were determined in two groups. Results: Fifty nine patients who were detected ROP are in group 1 and 108 patients who were not seen ROP are in group 2 in the study. The mean gestational age at birth of the patients was 30,4 ± 2,1 [26-34] weeks in group 1 and 33,7 ± 1,7 [27-35] weeks in group 2.( P =0.004) The mean gestational weigth at birth was 1927,2 ± 158,4 [1690-2300] gram in group 1 and 2169,1 ± 283,1 [1750-3100] gram in group 2. ( P <0.001) With the result of logistic regression analysis, gestational age [Odds Ratio(OR): 0.531, 95%CI: 0.388-0.726, P <0.001], NLR [OR:34.849, 95%CI: 2.091-580.779, P :0.013] and PLR [OR: 1.067, 95%CI: 1.034-1.110, P <0.001] were detected the independent risk factors for ROP. Conclusion: Our study revealed that higher NLR and PLR which are evaluated with in first 72h after birth is an independent predictor of ROP.

Fetal biometry: size and configuration of the third ventricle

2005 ◽  
Vol 46 (6) ◽  
pp. 631-635 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Sari ◽  
A. Ahmetoglu ◽  
H. Dinc ◽  
A. Saglam ◽  
U. Kurtoglu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gestational Age ◽  
Normal Population ◽  
Third Ventricle ◽  
Third Trimester ◽  
Fetal Biometry ◽  
The Third ◽  
Antenatal Ultrasonography ◽  
Normal Configuration ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Brain

Purpose: To evaluate the normal configuration and size of the third ventricle in second and third trimester fetuses in a normal population, and to compare our values with those of previously published studies. Material and Methods: Evaluation of fetal third ventricular width and configuration was obtained by antenatal ultrasonography in 474 fetuses with gestational age between 12 weeks and term (mean 28 weeks). Percentiles for third ventricle width were estimated by combining separate fractional polynominal regression models fitted to the mean and standard deviation, assuming that the measurements had a normal distribution at each gestational age. Appearance of the third ventricle was correlated with each gestational age. Results: The third ventricle could be visualized in 471 (99%) of 474 fetuses. The 97th percentile of the third ventricle in preterm fetuses was measured as 3.6 mm in size. The third ventricle was seen as a single echogenic line in 153 (32.4%) of 474 fetuses. Two-hundred-and-ninety-nine (61.5%) of all fetuses had parallel echogenic lines outlining a fluid-filled lumen. V-shaped third ventricular configuration was seen in only 28 (5.9%) of the fetuses. From 24 weeks to term, parallel echogenic lines were the most commonly (83.7% to 79.6%) encountered configuration for the third ventricle. Conclusion: The 97th percentile of the third ventricle in preterm fetuses was measured as 3.6 mm in size. In the early second trimester, 77% of the fetuses had a single echogenic line appearance on ultrasonography. As the brain and ventricular structures mature, a parallel echogenic line becomes the prominent ultrasonography appearance (>80% of fetuses) in third trimester healthy fetuses.

Comparison of Fluorine(18)-fluorodeoxyglucose and Gallium(68)-citrate PET/CT in patients with tuberculosis

2019 ◽  
Vol 58 (05) ◽  
pp. 371-378
Author(s):  
Alfred O. Ankrah ◽  
Ismaheel O. Lawal ◽  
Tebatso M.G. Boshomane ◽  
Hans C. Klein ◽  
Thomas Ebenhan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tracer Uptake ◽  
Pet Ct ◽  
The Mean ◽  
18F Fdg ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Gallium 68 ◽  
Attending Physician ◽  
Pet Scans ◽  
The Brain

Abstract 18F-FDG and 68Ga-citrate PET/CT have both been shown to be useful in the management of tuberculosis (TB). We compared the abnormal PET findings of 18F-FDG- and 68Ga-citrate-PET/CT in patients with TB. Methods Patients with TB on anti-TB therapy were included. Patients had a set of PET scans consisting of both 18F-FDG and 68Ga-citrate. Abnormal lesions were identified, and the two sets of scans were compared. The scan findings were correlated to the clinical data as provided by the attending physician. Results 46 PET/CT scans were performed in 18 patients, 11 (61 %) were female, and the mean age was 35.7 ± 13.5 years. Five patients also had both studies for follow-up reasons during the use of anti-TB therapy. Thirteen patients were co-infected with HIV. 18F-FDG detected more lesions than 68Ga-citrate (261 vs. 166, p < 0.0001). 68Ga-citrate showed a better definition of intracerebral lesions due to the absence of tracer uptake in the brain. The mean SUVmax was higher for 18F-FDG compared to 68Ga-citrate (5.73 vs. 3.01, p < 0.0001). We found a significant correlation between the SUVmax of lesions that were determined by both tracers (r = 0.4968, p < 0.0001). Conclusion Preliminary data shows 18F-FDG-PET detects more abnormal lesions in TB compared to 68Ga-citrate. However, 68Ga-citrate has better lesion definition in the brain and is therefore especially useful when intracranial TB is suspected.

Immunologic Assessment of Patients Treated with Bovine Fibrin as a Hemostatic Agent

1996 ◽  
Vol 76 (06) ◽  
pp. 0925-0931 ◽  
Author(s):  
John F Carroll ◽  
Keith A Moskowitz ◽  
Niloo M Edwards ◽  
Thomas J Hickey ◽  
Eric A Rose ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Coagulation Factors ◽  
Allergic Reactions ◽  
Factor V ◽  
Normal Range ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Human Fibrinogen ◽  
Bovine Thrombin ◽  
Thrombotic Complications ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Clinically Significant

SummaryTwenty-one cardiothoracic surgical patients have been treated with fibrin as a topical hemostatic/sealing agent, prepared from bovine fibrinogen clotted with bovine thrombin. Serum samples have been collected before treatment with fibrin and postoperatively between 1 and 9 days, 3 and 12 weeks, and 6 and 8 months. The titers of anti-bovine fibrinogen antibodies, measured by ELISA specific for immunoglobulins IgG or IgM, increased to maximal values after about 8 or 6 weeks, respectively. After 8 months, IgG titers were on average 20-fold lower than the mean maximal value, while IgM titers returned to the normal range. IgG was the predominant anti-bovine fibrinogen immunoglobulin as documented by ELISA, affinity chromatography and electrophoresis. Anti-bovine fibrinogen antibodies present in patients reacted readily with bovine fibrinogen, but did not cross-react with human fibrinogen as measured by ELISA or by immunoelectrophoresis. A significant amount of antibodies against bovine thrombin and factor V has been found, many cross-reacting with the human counterparts. No hemorrhagic or thrombotic complications, or clinically significant allergic reactions, occurred in any patient, in spite of antibody presence against some bovine and human coagulation factors. The treatment of patients with bovine fibrin, without induction of immunologic response against human fibrinogen, appeared to be an effective topical hemostatic/sealing measure.

Influence of Acute Myocardial Infarction and rt-PA Therapy on Circulating Fibrinogen

1993 ◽  
Vol 69 (04) ◽  
pp. 321-327 ◽  
Author(s):  
E Seifried ◽  
M Oethinger ◽  
P Tanswell ◽  
E Hoegee-de Nobel ◽  
W Nieuwenhuizen
Keyword(s):  
Myocardial Infarction ◽  
Acute Myocardial Infarction ◽  
Thrombolytic Agent ◽  
Degradation Products ◽  
Maximum Plasma ◽  
Normal Range ◽  
Fibrinogen Degradation Products ◽  
Fibrin Degradation Products ◽  
Rebound Phenomenon ◽  
The Mean

SummaryIn 12 patients treated with 100 mg rt-PA/3 h for acute myocardial infarction (AMI), serial fibrinogen levels were measured with the Clauss clotting rate assay (“functional fibrinogen”) and with a new enzyme immunoassay for immunologically intact fibrinogen (“intact fibrinogen”). Levels of functional and “intact fibrinogen” were strikingly different: functional levels were higher at baseline; showed a more pronounced breakdown during rt-PA therapy; and a rebound phenomenon which was not seen for “intact fibrinogen”. The ratio of functional to “intact fibrinogen” was calculated for each individual patient and each time point. The mean ratio (n = 12) was 1.6 at baseline, 1.0 at 90 min, and increased markedly between 8 and 24 h to a maximum of 2.1 (p <0.01), indicating that functionality of circulating fibrinogen changes during AMI and subsequent thrombolytic therapy. The increased ratio of functional to “intact fibrinogen” seems to reflect a more functional fibrinogen at baseline and following rt-PA infusion. This is in keeping with data that the relative amount of fast clotting “intact HMW fibrinogen” of total fibrinogen is increased in initial phase of AMI. The data suggest that about 20% of HMW fibrinogen are converted to partly degraded fibrinogen during rt-PA infusion. The rebound phenomenon exhibited by functional fibrinogen may result from newly synthesized fibrinogen with a high proportion of HMW fibrinogen with its known higher degree of phosphorylation. Fibrinogen- and fibrin degradation products were within normal range at baseline. Upon infusion of the thrombolytic agent, maximum median levels of 5.88 μg/ml and 5.28 μg/ml, respectively, were measured at 90 min. Maximum plasma fibrinogen degradation products represented only 4% of lost “intact fibrinogen”, but they correlatedstrongly and linearly with the extent of “intact fibrinogen” degradation (r = 0.82, p <0.01). In contrast, no correlation was seen between breakdown of “intact fibrinogen” and corresponding levels of fibrin degradation products. We conclude from our data that the ratio of functional to immunologically “intact fibrinogen” may serve as an important index for functionality of fibrinogen and select patients at high risk for early reocclusion. Only a small proportion of degraded functional and “intact fibrinogen”, respectively, is recovered as fibrinogen degradation products. There seems to be a strong correlation between the degree of elevation of fibrinogen degradation products and the intensity of the systemic lytic state, i.e. fibrinogen degradation.

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