scholarly journals FETAL HEAD ANTHROPOMETRY: A CROSSSECTIONAL STUDY FROM KUMAUN REGION

2019 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anamika Jaiswal ◽  
Ankit Kaushik ◽  
AK Singh
Keyword(s):  
Gestational Age ◽  
First Trimester ◽  
P Value ◽  
Strong Positive Correlation ◽  
Second Trimester ◽  
Third Trimester ◽  
Fetal Head ◽  
Increase With Increase ◽  
Local Reference ◽  
The Mean

Introduction: Biparietal diameter (BPD) and head circumference (HC) are important for estimating gestational age (GA), monitoring fetal growth and to rule out congenital abnormalities. Western references using HC and BPD can lead to erroneous GA estimation, therefore regional reference is required. Aim: To measure HC and BPD in fetus at different GA, their relationship with GA and comparison of HC and BPD with expected HC and BPD by “Hadlock’s formula”. Material & Methods: CRL, HC and BPD were measured in 72 fetuses. Mean and standard deviation of HC and BPD were calculated for all fetuses and across three trimesters. The correlation of HC and BPD with GA was calculated and p value was derived. Hadlock’s HC and BPD were calculated for the gestational age. The observed HC and BPD in the study were compared with the Hadlock’s value to find out any difference between them Results: The mean HC of fetuses was 23.7 ± 8.58 cm. The mean HC in first trimester was 6.3 cm, 15.13 cm in second trimester and 30.8 cm in third trimester. The mean HC of fetuses according to Hadlock’s formula was 23.72 ± 8.80 cm. The mean Hadlock’s HC in first trimester was 5.6 cm, 14.92 cm in second trimester and 31.12 cm in third trimester. The mean BPD in the studied fetuses was 5.92 ± 2.24 cm. The mean BPD in first trimester was 1.7 cm, 4.8 cm in second trimester and 7.8 cm in third trimester. The mean Hadlock’s BPD was 6.33 ± 2.41 cm. The mean Hadlock’s BPD in first trimester was 1.6 cm, 4.4 cm in second trimester and 8.3 cm in third trimester. The mean HC of fetuses were nearly equal to mean Hadlock’s formula, while BPD of the study fetuses was less than mean Hadlock’s BPD. Both HC and BPD measured at different GA showed increase, with increase in GA and strong positive correlation and statistically significant association. Conclusion: This study had shown that while HC is nearly equal to Hadlock’s reference, BPD was less than Hadlock’s for GA, reflecting need of local reference data for accurate fetal age estimation.

scholarly journals Study of Forced Expiratory Volume in First Second (FEV1) and Ratio of Forced Expiratory Volume in First Second and Forced Vital Capacity in Percentage (FEV1/FVC%) in Pregnant Women

2012 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dipok Kumar Sunyal ◽  
Md Ruhul Amin ◽  
Ayesha Yasmin ◽  
Golam Morshed Molla ◽  
Md Liakat Ali ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Forced Vital Capacity ◽  
Vital Capacity ◽  
First Trimester ◽  
Study Groups ◽  
Forced Expiratory Volume ◽  
P Value ◽  
Second Trimester ◽  
Third Trimester ◽  
The Mean

Background: A few data are available on the effects of pregnancy on pulmonary function in different countries. But no such established data are available in our country. So we designed this study in our population. Objectives: To observe the forced expiratory volume in first second (FEV1) and ratio of forced expiratory volume in first second and forced vital capacity (FEV1/FVC%) in different trimesters of normal pregnant women and to compare them with those of healthy non-pregnant women. Materials and Methods: This observational and analytical study was carried out in the department of Physiology, Dhaka Medical College during July 2004 to June 2005. Total 100 women aged from 25 to 35 years without any recent history of respiratory tract diseases were selected as study population. Among them, 75 normal pregnant women were taken as experimental and 25 healthy non-pregnant women were taken as control groups. The experimental group included 25 pregnant women in first trimester, 25 in second trimester and 25 in third trimester. Forced expiratory volume in first second (FEV1), ratio of percentage of forced expiratory volume in first second and forced vital capacity (FEV1/FVC%) were measured in pregnant and non-pregnant control women. The FEV1 and FEV1/FVC% were measured by using an ‘automatic spirometer’. Statistical analyses were done by unpaired Student’s ‘t’ test between the study groups and p value <0.05 was taken as significant.Results: The mean ± SD of measured values of FEV1 were 2.41 ± 0.87, 2.28 ± 0.59, 2.15 ± 0.74 and 1.89 ± 0.76 liters in non-pregnant women and in pregnant women during first trimester, second trimester and third trimester. The mean ± SD of measured values of FEV1/FVC% were 75.22 ± 16.77, 74.86 ± 11.06, 74.42 ± 17.43 and 71.81 ± 15.87% in nonpregnant women and in pregnant women during first trimester, second trimester and third trimester. Conclusion: The FEV1 and FEV1/FVC% were significantly lower in third trimester pregnant women than that of non-pregnant and first trimester of pregnant women and FEV1/FVC% gradually decreased from first to third trimester of pregnant women. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jemc.v2i1.11926 J Enam Med Col 2012; 2(1): 29-32

scholarly journals Vitamin D status in pregnant Indian women across trimesters and different seasons and its correlation with neonatal serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels

2011 ◽  
Vol 106 (9) ◽  
pp. 1383-1389 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. K. Marwaha ◽  
N. Tandon ◽  
S. Chopra ◽  
N. Agarwal ◽  
M. K. Garg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D ◽  
Hypovitaminosis D ◽  
First Trimester ◽  
Strong Positive Correlation ◽  
Vitamin D Status ◽  
Second Trimester ◽  
Third Trimester ◽  
Indian Women ◽  
Hydroxyvitamin D ◽  
25 Hydroxyvitamin D

The present cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the vitamin D status of pregnant Indian women and their breast-fed infants. Subjects were recruited from the Department of Obstetrics, Armed Forces Clinic and Army Hospital (Research and Referral), Delhi. A total of 541 apparently healthy women with uncomplicated, single, intra-uterine gestation reporting in any trimester were consecutively recruited. Of these 541 women, 299 (first trimester, ninety-seven; second trimester, 125; third trimester, seventy-seven) were recruited in summer (April–October) and 242 (first trimester, fifty-nine, second trimester, ninety-three; third trimester, ninety) were recruited in winter (November–March) to study seasonal variations in vitamin D status. Clinical, dietary, biochemical and hormonal evaluations for the Ca–vitamin D–parathormone axis were performed. A subset of 342 mother–infant pairs was re-evaluated 6 weeks postpartum. Mean serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) of pregnant women was 23·2 (sd 12·2) nmol/l. Hypovitaminosis D (25(OH)D < 50 nmol/l) was observed in 96·3 % of the subjects. Serum 25(OH)D levels were significantly lower in winter in the second and third trimesters, while serum intact parathormone (iPTH) and alkaline phosphatase levels were significantly higher in winter in all three trimesters. A significant negative correlation was found between serum 25(OH)D and iPTH in mothers (r − 0·367, P = 0·0001) and infants (r − 0·56, P = 0·0001). A strong positive correlation was observed between 25(OH)D levels of mother–infant pairs (r 0·779, P = 0·0001). A high prevalence of hypovitaminosis D was observed in pregnancy, lactation and infancy with no significant inter-trimester differences in serum 25(OH)D levels.

scholarly journals The Frequency of Vaginal Intercourse During Pregnancy: A Systematic and Meta-Analysis Stud

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Maryam Hasani ◽  
Afsaneh Keramat ◽  
Raziyeh Maasoumi ◽  
Maryam Farjamfar ◽  
Masud Yunesian ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Meta Analysis ◽  
First Trimester ◽  
Sexual Life ◽  
Vaginal Intercourse ◽  
Second Trimester ◽  
Third Trimester ◽  
Mean Frequency ◽  
The Third ◽  
Reference Manager ◽  
The Mean

Objectives: Sexual life may change during pregnancy. Due to negative attitudes toward having sex, unpleasant feeling, and fear of several issues, women might avoid vaginal intercourse during pregnancy. Therefore, the present systematic review aimed to investigate the frequency of vaginal intercourse in pregnancy. Materials and Methods: Comprehensive literature review was conducted to find the relevant articles published (from December 1990 to April 2018) on the issue including observational studies (e.g., cross-sectional and cohort studies) that certainly determined the mean frequency of vaginal sex throughout pregnancy. In this regard, online international databases such as ISI, PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane, and Google Scholar were independently explored and checked by two authors. Duplicate articles were removed by the EndNote X7 Reference Manager. The results were analyzed using RevMan 5.3 software. The P < 0.05 was considered significant. Results: Totally, after excluding the duplicate and irrelevant articles based on having the mean frequency of vaginal intercourse during pregnancy, 13 articles were obtained. The range of vaginal intercourse frequency varied from 6.01 to 21 times every month pre-pregnancy, 3.67-9.87 times monthly in the first trimester, 2.78-7.21 times monthly in the second trimester, and 1.35-5.9 times monthly in the third trimester. Five out of the 13 selected articles reporting the mean and standard deviation were entered the current meta-analysis. The frequency of vaginal intercourse was obtained 7.75 (7.13-8.38) times monthly prior to pregnancy, 4.16 (3.86-4.46) times in the first trimester, 6.37 (5.60-7.14) times monthly in the second trimester, and 1.81 (1.49-2.13) times monthly in the third trimester. Conclusions: Generally, the frequency of vaginal intercourse decreased in the first trimester while increasing in the second trimester. However, a sharp decline was observed between the second and third trimesters of pregnancy.

scholarly journals Maternal Serum Levels of Alpha Tumour Necrotic Factor, Interleukin 10, Interleukin 6 and Interleukin 4 in Malaria Infected Pregnant Women Based on Their Gestational Age in Southeast, Nigeria

2020 ◽  
pp. 64-70
Author(s):  
Obeagu, Emmanuel Ifeanyi ◽  
Esimai, Bessie Nonyelum ◽  
Ekelozie, Ifeoma Stella ◽  
Asogwa Eucharia Ijego ◽  
Amaeze Augustine Amaeze ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
First Trimester ◽  
Interleukin 10 ◽  
Interleukin 4 ◽  
Second Trimester ◽  
Third Trimester ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Tumour Necrotic Factor

Malaria has been reported as a condition caused by infestation with Plasmodium parasite species, is a major public health problem globally especially in developing countries like Nigeria. This study was carried out in Federal Medical Centre Umuahia in Abia State, Nigeria. A study was done to determine the maternal serumlevels of alpha tumour necrotic factor, interleukin 10, interleukin 6and interleukin 4 in malaria infected pregnant women based on their gestational age in Southeast, Nigeria. A total of 150 subjects between the ages of 18-45 years were recruited for the study comprising of fifty (50) subjects each of the 3 trimesters. Commercial ELISA Kit by MELSIN Medical Co Limited was used to measure all the cytokines. The results of Table 1 showed no significant difference of TNF-α (p=0.346), IL-10 (p=0.059), IL-6 (p=0.811) and IL-4 (p=0.257) of malaria infected pregnant women at first trimester and second trimester respectively. The results of Table 2 showed no significant difference of TNF-α (p=0.642), IL-10 (p=0.678), IL-6 (p=0.551) and IL-4 (p=0.280) of malaria infected pregnant women at first trimester and third trimester respectively. The results of Table 2 showed no significant difference of TNF-α (p=0.062), IL-10 (p=0.016), IL-6 (p=0.352) and IL-4 (p=0.914) of malaria infected pregnant women at first trimester and third trimester respectively. The study showed no changes in the cytokines studied among the malaria infected pregnant women based on gestational ages except when IL-10 was compared between the subjects on second trimester and third trimester. This study shows that malaria infection does not changes these cytokines in pregnant women based on gestational ages except the il-10 when compared at second trimester and third trimester but changes when compared at other trimesters.

scholarly journals FETAL TRANSVERSE CEREBELLAR DIAMETER MEASUREMENT;

2018 ◽  
Vol 21 (05) ◽  
pp. 888-891
Author(s):  
Anjum Afshan ◽  
Shabnam Nadeem ◽  
Shabnam Shamim Asim
Keyword(s):  
Fetal Growth ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
Normal Growth ◽  
Maternity Hospital ◽  
Accurate Estimation ◽  
P Value ◽  
Diameter Measurement ◽  
Third Trimester ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Mean

Objective: To determine the accuracy of fetal transverse cerebellar diametermeasurement in the prediction of gestational age in growth restricted fetuses. Material andmethods: This controlled was conducted at Sobhraj Maternity Hospital, Karachi from July 2012to June 2013. A total of 100 pregnant women in the third trimester of pregnancy satisfying theeligibility criteria were included. Among these 50 were fetuses with normal fetal growth and50 growth restricted fetuses. Results: The mean transverse cerebellar diameter in the fetusesshowing normal growth was not statistically different from the mean transverse cerebellardiameter in the growth restricted fetuses (p-value = 0.219). Conclusions: Transverse cerebellardiameter measurement can be used reliably for accurate estimation of gestational age in growthrestricted fetuses.

scholarly journals Lipid Profile of Healthy Women During Normal Pregnancy

2009 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 152-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margarita Diareme ◽  
Petros Karkalousos ◽  
Georgos Theodoropoulos ◽  
Stefanos Strouzas ◽  
Nikos Lazanas
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Lipid Profile ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
First Trimester ◽  
Normal Pregnancy ◽  
Second Trimester ◽  
Third Trimester ◽  
Predisposing Factor ◽  
Healthy Women ◽  
C 30

Lipid Profile of Healthy Women During Normal PregnancyThe four basic lipid indexes (Chol, Trig, HDL-C and LDL-C) increase during pregnancy, following different rates of increase. Among the four analytes triglycerides show the largest increase and HDL-C the smallest. All analyte values are raised during the 40 weeks of pregnancy, except HDL-C which is stabilized during the second trimester. After delivery the values decrease, except LDL-C which remains steady (for some weeks) before starting to fall following the others. In this study the relations between the four lipid indexes and some predisposing factors (age, gestational age, nationality, body mass index, profession, smoking and diabetes during pregnancy) were investigated. The sample consisted of 413 pregnant women, mainly Greeks and Albanians. After regression analysis it was proved that the only common predisposing factor was the gestational age. Triglycerides and total cholesterol are also influenced by the women's age. The lipid indexes showed no important difference between the pregnant women in the first trimester and the non-pregnant women. On the contrary, there was a statistical difference between the pregnant women in the second and third trimester and between them and the women in the first trimester. The percentages of increase between first and second trimester were: Chol: 38%, Trig: 115%, HDL-C: 30%, LDL-C: 33%. The percentages of increase between first and third trimester were: Chol: 65%, Trig: 208%, HDL-C: 26%, LDLC: 64%.

scholarly journals A study of antenatal anxiety: comparison across trimesters

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (5) ◽  
pp. 1810 ◽  
Author(s):  
Krishna Priyambada ◽  
Amrit Pattojoshi ◽  
Ajay K. Bakhla
Keyword(s):  
Depression Scale ◽  
First Trimester ◽  
Anxiety And Depression ◽  
P Value ◽  
Hospital Anxiety ◽  
Third Trimester ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Pregnant Females ◽  
Antenatal Anxiety ◽  
The Mean

Background: The aim of present study was to investigate the antenatal anxiety across all three trimesters of pregnancy.Methods: This is a cross sectional, observational study for which data is collected from consenting subjects attending antenatal Out Patients department for routine antenatal checkup. Data included socio demographic information’s and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale and statistical analysis done.Results: Out of 169 Pregnant females 27.8% were during first trimester, 40.8% during second trimester and 31.4% during 3rd trimester. The mean anxiety scores for first, second and third trimester was 10.74±2.97, 11.69±3.09 and 14.20±3.10 respectively. Independent t test revealed significantly higher anxiety scores for third trimester when compared to first trimester scores (t= -6.035, p value = 0.000).Conclusions: This study finds a significantly higher antenatal anxiety during third trimester of pregnancy.

scholarly journals Comparison of uterine fibroids’ growth pattern during pregnancy according to fetal sex: an observational study

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Giovanni Delli Carpini ◽  
Valeria Verdecchia ◽  
Maria Papiccio ◽  
Camilla Grelloni ◽  
Andrea Ciavattini
Keyword(s):  
Observational Study ◽  
Uterine Fibroids ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
First Trimester ◽  
Obstetric Outcomes ◽  
Second Trimester ◽  
Third Trimester ◽  
Fetal Sex ◽  
Female Fetus ◽  
The Mean

Abstract Background To investigate the effect of fetal sex on fibroids’ growth during pregnancy according to the hCG serum levels Methods Observational study conducted from January 2007 to December 2016 on women with ultrasound identification of uterine fibroids who had a pregnancy within 1 year from diagnosis. The fibroids diameter was determined during the pre-pregnancy ultrasound, early first trimester (5–7 weeks), late first trimester (11–13 weeks), second trimester (19–21 weeks), and third trimester (31–33 weeks). The diameter growth was calculated in each interval between two ultrasounds. The hCG serum levels were determined both in early and late first trimester. The correlation between hCG levels and fibroid diameter was evaluated. Obstetric outcomes collected were gestational weeks at birth and the rate of cesarean section. Neonatal outcomes were birthweight and Apgar score at 1 min. Results Eighty-seven of the included women had a male fetus, and 70 had a female fetus. A progressive increase of fibroid diameter was observed from pre-pregnancy to second trimester for both fetal sexes. In third trimester, the mean ± SD fibroid diameter of female fetuses showed a slowdown, while the mean ± SD fibroid diameter of male fetuses continued to grow. Women carrying a female fetus presented a higher fibroid diameter in early first trimester (33.5 ± 13.3 mm vs 27.4 ± 11.0 mm, p < 0.01), late first trimester (40.2 ± 13.9 mm vs 34.6 ± 11.7 mm, p < 0.01), and second trimester (40.5 ± 14.9 mm vs 34.7 ± 10.3 mm, p < 0.01). The hCG serum levels resulted higher in women with a female fetus: 61406 (50554-71760) mU/ml vs 46016 (37160-56744) mU/ml (p < 0.01). A positive correlation between hCG levels and fibroid diameter was found both for male and female fetuses (male r = 0.77, 95% CI 0.71–0.82, p < 0.01 and female r = 0.82, 95% CI 0.76–0.86, p < 0.01). Conclusion Women with female fetus seem to have a higher growth of fibroids up to second trimester of pregnancy. This process may be mediated by the higher serum hCG levels found in women expecting a female fetus.

scholarly journals Placenta thickness: A sonographic index for foetal gestational age estimation

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 217-222
Author(s):  
Faosat O Jinadu ◽  
Adedolapo O Nelson-Paseda ◽  
Tawaqualit A Ottun ◽  
Ayokunle M Olumodeji
Keyword(s):  
Gestational Age ◽  
Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Study Participant ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Regression Equation ◽  
University Teaching ◽  
P Value ◽  
Strong Positive Correlation ◽  
Positive Correlation ◽  
The Mean

A healthy placenta is crucial for foetal well-being, growth and development and neonatal survival. Foetal sonographic biometric parameters are crucial in obstetric decision making. This study correlated placenta thickness with foetal biometry in the estimation of gestational age (EGA) and estimated foetal weight (EFW). This was a prospective cross-sectional study in which 400 healthy pregnant women at gestational ages of 13 to 37 weeks, who attended antenatal clinic at the Lagos State University Teaching Hospital, were consecutively recruited. Obstetric ultrasound (USS) was performed to assess placenta thickness (PT), USS EGA and EFW in each study participant. Correlation of these parameters was done using Pearson’s correlation. A regression equation used to assess the relationship between PT and EGA was determined using linear regression analysis at confidence interval of 95% and p-value&#60;0.05. The mean age of the women studied was 30.8±4.8 years. The mean PT ranged from 14.50±0.71 mm at 14 weeks to 36.58±1.54 mm at 37 weeks (wks). There was strong positive correlation between PT and USS EGA (r=0.968, p=0.000). A significant positive correlation was also noted between PT and EFW (r=0.900, p=0.000). There was no correlation between PT and maternal characteristics such as parity(r=-0.015, p=0.772) or maternal age(r=0.018, p=0.720). Ultrasound determined placenta thickness correlated linearly and positively with estimated gestational age and foetal weight. A regression equation of estimated PT was derived as follows; PT(mm) = 1.011 EGA (wks) – 0.663. Ultrasound determined placenta thickness correlates linearly and positively with estimated gestational age and foetal weight.

scholarly journals Comparison of gestational age assessment by new ballard score and parkin score in neonates

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 1231
Author(s):  
Ravi Ambey ◽  
Priya Gogia ◽  
Arun Kumar M.
Keyword(s):  
Gestational Age ◽  
Analytical Study ◽  
Mean Difference ◽  
P Value ◽  
Strong Positive Correlation ◽  
Age Assessment ◽  
Positive Correlation ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Mean Time ◽  
Normal Neonates

Background: In newborn, both normal and sick, gestational age (GA) is important to evaluate the risks of morbidity and mortality and may modify the line of management. The objective of the present study was to compare the New Ballard Score (NBS) and Parkin’s score in estimating GA among normal neonates, sick neonates.Methods: Observational analytical study of 500 neonates, who qualified the selection criteria. GA estimated by Naegele’s rule (G-LMP), NBS and Parkin score. Data collected and analysed by SPSS 21.Results: The mean gestational age as estimated by last menstrual period was 37.7 weeks; NBS- 37.66 weeks, Parkin score-37.7 weeks. Mean difference between the two scores estimating GA in all neonates was 3.75 days, in normal neonates- 3.61 days, sick neonates-3.7 days. NBS and Parkin score were calculated in both groups, had strong positive correlation (p value <0.05) with G-LMP. GA calculated using NBS and Parkin score had a strong positive correlation (p value <0.05). in all sick neonates except HIE-3 and RDS, NBS had significant correlation with G-LMP, but Parkin score had significant correlation with all. The mean difference between the two scores with RDS and HIE-3 was 11.64 days. Total crying episodes in NBS were 334 and Parkin score were 124. Mean time taken to complete NBS was 5 min 33 sec and Parkin score was 1 min 36 sec.Conclusions: GA of sick neonates with HIE-3 and RDS were better assessed by Parkin score. Parkin score caused less discomfort to neonates.

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