Demographic Predictors of Cultural Practices Regarding Female Genital Mutilation among Married Women in Ebonyi State, Nigeria

Background: Peoples’ life and quality of health are usually dependent on the cultural practices and norms of the community. Objectives: This study investigated Female Genital Mutilation Practices and Associated Factors among Married Women in the Ebonyi State of Nigeria. Methods: The descriptive survey research design was adopted for the study. The study was conducted from August 2019 to January 2020. Out of 260 questionnaires distributed, only 7 copies were discarded and a total of 253 women were drawn for the study through multi-stage sampling technique. Frequency, percentage, and logistics regression were the statistical tools used for data analysis. Results: The majority of the participants: aged 25-34 years (37.9%); Christians (76.3%); urban dwellers (50.2%); had tertiary education (36.4%); had 3-4 children (32.0%); and were in business (29.2%) respectively. The cultural practices regarding FGM among married women in Ebonyi State were high (60.5%). Also, the majority of the participants (67.7%) were circumcised. Age by birth, religious affiliation, location, level of education, number of children, and occupation were predictors of the cultural practice of FGM with obvious variations. There is no significant difference existed with respect to religious affiliation, level of education, number of children, and occupation (P-value>0.05) while the difference was observed on the age by birth and location (P-value<0.05). Conclusion: The high cultural practice of FGM is influenced by certain demographic predictors. Thus, there is a need for the Ebonyi State government in collaboration with other health agencies to adopt effective interventions, public health enlightenment, and mass education focusing on the negative consequences of FGM practices.

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Sexual Function in Women With and Without Female Genital Mutilation in Reproductive Age in South of Iran

10.21203/rs.3.rs-256453/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Mahshid Bokaie ◽

Samaneh Hatefi ◽

Shahnaz Mojahed ◽

Nasibeh Roozbeh

Keyword(s):

Sexual Function ◽

Female Genital Mutilation ◽

Reproductive Age ◽

Public Health Issue ◽

P Value ◽

Women Of Reproductive Age ◽

Genital Mutilation ◽

Significant Difference ◽

The Impact ◽

Female Genital

Abstract Objectives: Female genital mutilation (FGM) is an important public health issue, especially in developing countries and it is still done in some parts of Iran. This study aimed to investigate the effect of FGM on the sexual function of women of reproductive age in Hormozgan province/IRAN.Study design: This study is a descriptive-analytical case-control study that was conducted in 2020 on 209 married women of reproductive age (15-49) in rural areas of Minab and Sirik counties in Hormozgan province/IRAN. Main outcome measures: The reliable and valid questionnaire FSFI for assessing female sexual function in the two groups was used after to obtain informed and voluntary consent from all participants and data with SPSS v: 16 software and with using descriptive/ Analytical statistics tests with a significant level of 0.05 were examined. Results: There is a significant difference between mutilated and non-mutilated women in the total score of sexual function(22.18±3.23 versus 23.41±2.52 respectively, p=0.023) and the domains of lubrication(3.04±0.62 versus 3.3±0.53 respectively, P=0.000), orgasm(3.81±0.63 versus 4.08±0.47 respectively, P=0.003), and sexual satisfaction(5.09±0.1 versus 5.37±0.87 respectively, P=0.017) But in the domains of desire, arousal, and pain in the two groups was no significant difference(P-value>0.05). Conclusion: FGM maybe leads to sexual dysfunction. Although most women were reluctant to perform mutilation on their daughters, more educational Actions are suggested to educate women about the impact of female mutilation on their sexual function. Counseling programs are also recommended to improve the sexual function of mutilated women.

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Legal Impact of Female Genital Mutilation: Special Reference to Penal Laws and Human Rights Perspective in the Criminal Justice System of Sri Lanka

Antyajaa Indian Journal of Women and Social Change ◽

10.1177/2455632719880854 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 4 (2) ◽

pp. 222-237

Author(s):

Aruni Wijayath

Keyword(s):

Human Rights ◽

Sri Lanka ◽

Female Genital Mutilation ◽

Cultural Practice ◽

World Health ◽

African Region ◽

Genital Mutilation ◽

Female Community ◽

Health Organization ◽

Female Genital

Female genital mutilation (FGM) is a ritual and religious and cultural practice among the Moor, Malay and Dawoodi Bohra ethnic communities in Sri Lanka. The process of FGM is ensconced from the general public in Sri Lanka; therefore, few pieces of research pertaining to the practice of FGM are available. A considerable number of international organizations profess that the percentage of FGM/cutting is zero in Sri Lanka through their reports, although newspaper articles and country reports disclose that FGM actually exists among the Muslim community in Sri Lanka. The knowledge regarding the process of FGM is in the backwater in Sri Lanka, even though a considerable number of feminism activists have created a platform to discuss the bad consequences emerging from this harmful practice. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), 30 countries of African Region, selected countries in the Middle East, and countries of Asian Region practice this custom among the female community in some ethnic and religious groups. Through this practice, the female community has not gained any advantage or benefit. The purpose of this research is to explore the municipal laws and human rights regarding FGM in the Sri Lankan context. Furthermore, international conventions which are ratified by Sri Lanka will be analysed in this manner. This research is mainly based on the normative method and retrieved Internet documentary analysis in a qualitative manner.

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Female genital mutilation (FGM) in UK children: a review of a dedicated paediatric service for FGM

Archives of Disease in Childhood ◽

10.1136/archdischild-2019-318336 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 105 (11) ◽

pp. 1075-1078 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Sakaria Ali ◽

Roshnee Patel ◽

Alice Jane Armitage ◽

Hazel Isabella Learner ◽

Sarah M Creighton ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Female Genital Mutilation ◽

Large Scale ◽

Clinical Findings ◽

Genital Mutilation ◽

Number Of Children ◽

Looked After Children ◽

Paediatric Service ◽

The Uk ◽

Almost All ◽

Female Genital

ObjectiveTo describe the presentation and management of children with suspected or confirmed female genital mutilation (FGM) referred to a specialist paediatric clinic.MethodsData collected included referral source, age, ethnicity, circumstances of FGM and clinical findings in accordance with the WHO FGM classification.ResultsBetween September 2014 and January 2019, 148 children attended the clinic of whom 55 (37.2%) had confirmed FGM. Police or social care referred 112 (76%) children. The proportion of looked-after children (LAC) was significantly higher in the group with confirmed FGM (17/55, 31%) compared with children where FGM was not confirmed (5/93, 5%). In almost all children where FGM was confirmed, FGM was initially disclosed by the child or family (53/55, 96%) and of these 48/55 (87%) underwent FGM prior to UK entry. The remaining seven cases were British children, potentially meeting legal criteria under the FGM Act, and one resulted in a successful prosecution.ConclusionsThe number of children with FGM was significantly lower than expected based on UK prevalence estimates. Most children had undergone FGM prior to UK entry, and the majority of cases were initially disclosed by the child or family themselves. These results reflect the lack of large-scale proof of the practice of FGM in the UK and are consistent with growing evidence of the abandonment of FGM among communities after migration.

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Understanding the Experiences and Needs of Migrant Women Affected by Female Genital Mutilation Using Maternity Services in Australia

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph17051491 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 17 (5) ◽

pp. 1491

Author(s):

Sabera Turkmani ◽

Caroline Homer ◽

Angela Dawson

Keyword(s):

Cultural Values ◽

Maternity Care ◽

Female Genital Mutilation ◽

Quality Care ◽

Cultural Practice ◽

Care Providers ◽

Structured Interviews ◽

Maternity Services ◽

Genital Mutilation ◽

Female Genital

Female genital mutilation (FGM) is a cultural practice defined as the partial or total removal of the external female genitalia for non-therapeutic reasons. Changing patterns of migration in Australia and other high-income countries has meant that maternity care providers and health systems are caring for more pregnant women affected by this practice. The aim of the study was to identify strategies to inform culturally safe and quality woman-centred maternity care for women affected by FGM who have migrated to Australia. An Appreciative Inquiry approach was used to engage women with FGM. We conducted 23 semi-structured interviews and three focus group discussions. There were four themes identified: (1) appreciating the best in their experiences; (2) achieving their dreams; (3) planning together; and (4) acting, modifying, improving and sustaining. Women could articulate their health and cultural needs, but they were not engaged in all aspects of their maternity care or considered active partners. Partnering and involving women in the design and delivery of their maternity care would improve quality care. A conceptual model, underpinned by women’s cultural values and physical, emotional needs, is presented as a framework to guide maternity services.

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Female genital mutilation in children presenting to Australian paediatricians

Archives of Disease in Childhood ◽

10.1136/archdischild-2016-311540 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 102 (6) ◽

pp. 509-515 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Yvonne Zurynski ◽

Amy Phu ◽

Premala Sureshkumar ◽

Sarah Cherian ◽

Marie Deverell ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Child Health ◽

Child Protection ◽

Female Genital Mutilation ◽

Cultural Awareness ◽

Cultural Practice ◽

Type I ◽

Cross Sectional Survey ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Genital Mutilation ◽

Female Genital

ObjectiveThe WHO reports that female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C) is an ancient cultural practice prevalent in many countries. FGM/C has been reported among women resident in Australia. Our paper provides the first description of FGM/C in Australian children.DesignCross-sectional survey conducted in April–June 2014.SettingPaediatricians and other child health specialists recruited through the Australian Paediatric Surveillance Unit were asked to report children aged <18 years with FGM/C seen in the last 5 years, and to provide data for demographics, FGM/C type, complications and referral for each case.ParticipantsOf 1311 eligible paediatricians/child health specialists, 1003 (76.5%) responded.ResultsTwenty-three (2.3%) respondents had seen 59 children with FGM/C and provided detailed data for 31. Most (89.7%) were identified during refugee screening and were born in Africa. Three (10.3%) were born in Australia: two had FGM/C in Australia and one in Indonesia. All parents were born overseas, mainly Africa (98.1%). Ten children had WHO FGM/C type I, five type II, five type III and six type IV. Complications in eight children included recurrent genitourinary infections, menstrual, sexual, fertility and psychological problems. Nineteen children (82.6%) were referred to obstetrics/gynaecology: 16 (69.9%) to social work and 13 (56.5%) to child protection.ConclusionsThis study confirms that FGM/C is seen in paediatric clinical practice within Australia. Paediatricians need cultural awareness, education and resources to help them identify children with FGM/C and/or at risk of FGM/C, to enable appropriate referral and counselling of children, families and communities to assist in the prevention of this practice.

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Spatial distribution and determinant factors of Female Genital Mutilation among reproductive age women in Ethiopia, 2016; Based on Ethiopian National Demographic and Health Survey

10.21203/rs.2.13810/v1 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Atalay Goshu Muluneh ◽

Getahun Molla Kassa ◽

Mehari Mariam Merid

Keyword(s):

Spatial Distribution ◽

Spatial Analysis ◽

Health Survey ◽

Female Genital Mutilation ◽

Data Cleaning ◽

Demographic And Health Survey ◽

P Value ◽

Genital Mutilation ◽

Female Genital ◽

Variable Analysis

Abstract Background : Though condemned and considered as a crime by the countries government, Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) remains a common public health problem in Africa and Ethiopia as well. Thus, this study was aimed to assess the spatial distribution and associated factors of female genital mutilation in Ethiopia based on the Ethiopian demographic and Health survey 2016 data. Method: This is a secondary data analysis of Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey (EDHS) 2016 data based on 7,163 women who were included for FGM interview. The data was weighted using sampling weight as recommended by the program. The MS excel and ArcGIS 10.3 softwares were used for data cleaning and spatial analysis respectively. Global and local level clustering was assessed. For the none spatial data and the determinant factors, data cleaning and analysis was done using STATA 14. Multi-level mixed effect logistic regression model was fitted. Variables with P-value <0.25 in the bi-variable analysis were fitted in the multi-variable analysis. Finally, variables with p-value <0.05 with 95% CI of adjusted odds ratio were reported as a statistically significant determinants of FGM. Result : Female genital mutilation was spatially clustered (Global Moran’s I: 0.46, p<0.001). Significant hot spot clusters were found in Amhara, Oromia, Southern Nations Nationalities and Peoples (SNNP) regions. Mothers age >30 (AOR=2.41, 95% CI: 1.78,3.26) years, never in union (AOR=0.31, 95%CI: 0.22, 0.44), currently not working (AOR=0.71, 95%CI: 0.55, 0.92), women who considered FGM to be continued (AOR=2.86, 95%CI: 1.75, 4.68), not heard of FGM (AOR=0.22, 95%CI: 0.08,0.62), had no formal education (AOR=1.67, 95% CI: 1.03, 2.71), muslim (AOR=3.90, 95%CI:2.5, 6.09) and protestant (AOR=1.76, 95%CI: 1.25, 2.97), and those who thought of FGM as required by religion (AOR=1.99, 95%CI: 1.31,2.99) were found to be significant determinants of female genital mutilation. Conclusion: Female genital mutilation was spatially clustered with hotspot areas located. in Amhara, Oromia, and SNNP regions . Age of the mother, religion, occupation, educational level, marital status, information about Female genital mutilation, and intention about FGM to be stopped or continued were significant determinants of female genital mutilation Key words : Female Genital Mutilations, Spatial analysis

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Effect of Female Genital Mutilation on Sexual Relation among Married Women at Tanta City

IOSR Journal of Nursing and health Science ◽

10.9790/1959-0601034654 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 06 (1) ◽

pp. 46-54

Author(s):

Manal Abdalla Sayed Ahmed Gaheen ◽

Azza Fouad Mohamed El-Adham

Keyword(s):

Female Genital Mutilation ◽

Married Women ◽

Sexual Relation ◽

Genital Mutilation ◽

Female Genital

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Influence of Culture on Girl Child Education in Central Pokot Sub County, Kenya

East African Journal of Education Studies ◽

10.37284/eajes.3.1.279 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 3 (1) ◽

pp. 26-38

Author(s):

Nelly C Andiema

Keyword(s):

Female Genital Mutilation ◽

Primary Schools ◽

Cultural Practices ◽

Cultural Factors ◽

Girl Child ◽

Genital Mutilation ◽

Child Education ◽

West Pokot ◽

Female Genital ◽

Girl Child Education

Cultural practices such as Female Genital Mutilation, early child marriages and patriarchy have been on the rise in West Pokot despite interventions by government and non-state actors over the years. These outdated cultural practices have hindered the progress of girls academically. It is vital to educate the girl-child in society. However, teenage pregnancy gets girls at the wrong time when they are still in schools and this affects their education very much and eventually ends up ruining their future. This paper looks at how various cultural practices have affected girl child education in West Pokot County, Kenya. The study was conducted in Central Pokot Sub County primary schools targeting 12 headteachers and 120 teachers. The respondents were selected through purposive and simple random sampling. Data was collected using questionnaires and interview schedules. Data collected were analysed using percentages and frequencies. The results of the study showed that the status of girl-child education was low. Cultural factors like; early marriages, female genital mutilation, child labour, widowhood practices and taboos influenced girl-child education. The study found out those cultural factors in the study area affected girl-child education negatively as it slowed down their transition, academic performance and also the acquisition of knowledge required at the basic education level. The study recommends that the government should take legal action against parents who take their girl-children for FGM and early marriages; there is a need for awareness on the importance of girl child education, provision of scholarships for girls at basic and tertiary level and introduction of guidance and counselling sessions in schools.

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Potentials of Drama Therapy in Unmasking the Personae of Survivors of Female Genital Mutilation among the Kenyan Maasai

Journal of African Theatre, Film and Media Discourse ◽

10.33886/kujat.v1i1.123 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

pp. 5-34

Author(s):

Zippora Okoth ◽

John Mugubi

Keyword(s):

Female Genital Mutilation ◽

Personal Responsibility ◽

Role Playing ◽

Cultural Practice ◽

Drama Therapy ◽

Control Group ◽

Will To Power ◽

Power Theory ◽

Genital Mutilation ◽

Female Genital

Circumcision of females was and still remains a cultural practice in many African communities. While modernity and access to education has led to vilification of this tradition, the guardians and conservators of traditions who perceive not virtue but abomination in this revolution intrepidly use myths and falsehoods to sustain the tradition. Where that does not work, force is used. The Maasai are such a community where circumcision of women is still entrenched and highly esteemed. Some girls manage to escape but the effects of the harrowing escape remain. Subsequently, this study proceeds from the postulation that drama therapy is a useful tool not only to reach out to the survivors of any form of distress but also as an avenue for helping the victims cope while enhancing their selfexpression by obliterating the facade engendered by the trauma. Our contention is that as a tool for unlocking the voices of Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) survivors, drama therapy creates a safe and playful environment where the survivors are able to act out their anxieties, fears and mental conflicts and reclaim their true beings, dreams and positions in society. In this way, drama therapy provides a platform on which the stigma related to FGM emotions can be expelled. While using various drama therapy techniques such as story-telling, poetry, role playing, song and dance, this paper examines and establishes how drama therapy can be used as an effective tool in regaining the real persona of survivors of Female Genital Mutilation. The study employs Nietzsche’s Will to Power theory and Rogerian theory of self in interrogating the potentials of drama therapy. Nietzsche’s Will to Power theory has been used to explore underlying motives behind the survivors’ rebellion against Female Genital Mutilation whereas Rogerian theory of Self has been used in exploring the survivors’ perception of their world, perception of the concepts of freedom, choice and personal responsibility, particularly after surviving Female Genital Mutilation. The study utilizes control-group as its research design while engaging in-depth interviews, questionnaires, focus group discussions and participatory theatre to obtain data for analysis. The data collected was analysed both qualitatively and quantitatively.

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