scholarly journals Contribution to Natural Rubber Production without Exogenous Hormonal Stimulation

2021 ◽  
pp. 27-44
Author(s):  
Obouayeba Samuel ◽  
Diarrassouba Moussa ◽  
Konan Djézou ◽  
Obouayeba Abba Pacôme ◽  
Soumahin Eric Francis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Rubber Tree ◽  
Activation Mechanism ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Hormonal Stimulation ◽  
Rubber Production ◽  
Unstimulated Control ◽  
Statistical Designs

Rubber production and especially its increase absolutely depend on the activation of the latex-producing metabolism. Can the latex-producing metabolism activation mechanism developed by rubber tree lead to higher yield without exogenous hormonal stimulation? In order to verify this decisive hypothesis, several works, carried out for nine years in Southern Côte d’Ivoire, were conducted on some 15 clones (IRCA 18, IRCA 209, IRCA 111, IRCA 130, PB 235, PB 260, PB 280, PB 330, PB 310; GT 1, BPM 24, RRIC 100; PB 217 and PR 107) of the three metabolisms respectively, active, moderate and slow, with two main statistical designs. On a small scale, in a “one-tree plot” design, the same latex harvesting system, tapping in d4 with different hormonal stimulation regimes (0/y; 2/y; 4/y; 6/y; 8/y; 13/y; 18/y; 26/y, 39/y and 78/y), has been applied to all treatments. In a randomized complete block design, different tapping frequencies (d2, d3, d4, d5 and d6) and hormonal stimulation (0/y, 4/y, 8/y and 10/y) were applied. Whatever the stimulation regime, the average g.t-1.t-1 of the unstimulated control (56) of the active metabolism clones (PB 235, PB 310, IRCA 111 and IRCA 130) over 9 years was statistically the same order that of the stimulated patterns (54). The average g.t-1.t-1 of the control (60) was lower than that of the highest yielding stimulated patterns (67) of the clones (PB 330, PB 280, PB 260, IRCA 18 and IRCA 209). The average g.t-1.t-1of the unstimulated control (49) was significantly lower than that of the highest yielding stimulated treatment (57) of moderate metabolism clones (GT 1, BPM 24 and RRIC 100). The average g.t-1.t-1 of the unstimulated control (39) was significantly lower than that of the highest yielding stimulated treatment (70) of slow metabolism clones (PB 217 and PR 107). On a large scale and at tapping frequency (d2), the unstimulated latex harvesting system (d2 0/y) showed an average yield of (2341; 2266 and 1849 kg.ha-1.year-1 for the active, moderate and slow metabolisms, respectively) statistically comparable to those of the highest yielding tapping frequencies d3, d4, d5 and d6 all latex harvesting systems combined for the clones studied (2388; 2348 and 2256 kg.ha-1.year-1). These results show that it is possible to produce natural rubber without exogenous hormonal stimulation by judiciously playing on tapping intensity.

scholarly journals Relationship between Economy and Environment of the Natural Rubber Plantation in Major Producers

2021 ◽  
Vol 305 ◽  
pp. 05001
Author(s):  
Yahya Shafiyuddin Hilmi ◽  
Nurul Amri Komarudin ◽  
Elsera Br Tarigan
Keyword(s):  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Rubber Plantation ◽  
Kuznets Curve ◽  
Rubber Production ◽  
Economy Growth ◽  
Synthetic Fertilizer ◽  
Cultivation Process ◽  
The Relationship

Thailand, Indonesia, Viet Nam, and India are the major natural rubber producers to date. Natural rubber has become one of the largest export commodities in these countries. It creates job opportunities for the smallholders as well as contributes to the national economy growth. However, a large-scale of natural rubber plantation results in environmental issues such as the nitrous oxide (N2O) emission which is obtained from the use of synthetic fertilizer during the cultivation process. The postulate of Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) was employed to examine the relationship between economy and environment from the natural rubber plantation in major producers using secondary data ranging from 2005 to 2018. Therefore, the N2O emission in which represents environmental degradation was regressed with the value of natural rubber production as the proxy for the economy growth using a fixed effect model on the panel data regression analysis. Results show that there is an inverted U-shape curve from the relationship between the N2O emissions and the value of natural rubber production. Hence, this study supports the postulate of EKC’s hypothesis. In addition, results found that the average value of natural rubber production from major producers was not yet reached the turning point of EKC. Some suggestions were made in order to increase the productivity while maintaining yet reducing the emission obtained from the use of synthetic fertilizer during cultivation process.

scholarly journals STIMULATION OF LATEX PRODUCTION IN SERINGUEIRA (HEVEA BRASILIENSIS L.) WITH ETRHEL DOSES

2018 ◽  
Vol 41 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alessandro Teles da Cruz ◽  
Joseanny Cardoso da Silva Pereira ◽  
Sara Raquel Mendonça
Keyword(s):  
Positive Response ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Rubber Tree ◽  
Productive Performance ◽  
Rubber Production ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Tapping Panel Dryness ◽  
Latex Production ◽  
Stimulation Of

ABSTRACT The use of the Ethrel® stimulant on rubber cultivation has become essential to ensure greater rubber production. When applied on the cut of the tree, this stimulant releases the ethylene gas that causes an increase of the exudation period of the latex flow. Dilutions and applications should be performed correctly so that they do not cause tapping panel dryness, which would leave the plant unproductive for a long time. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of increasing doses of ethrel on tapping panel dryness and rubber production of rubber tree clones. Three experiments were conducted using a randomized block design with four treatments (ethrel doses) and three replicates. The clones used were RRIM600, PR255 and PB217 submitted to doses of the stimulant Ethrel 0%, 2.5%, 3.3% and 5% with an interval of application of 30 days. The d/7 bleeding system was used. The productive performance was evaluated monthly and the total of plants with tapping panel dryness at the end of the work. All clones presented a linear positive response to increasing doses. The dose of ethrel 5% favors higher rubber yields in the three evaluated clones, but is associated with high percentage of drying. Thus, it was concluded that the production of rubber is affected positively with the increase of ethrel doses, but this increase causes a higher incidence of panel drying. Thus, it is recommended to use the ethrel 2.5% dose so the production is guaranteed without causing the tapping panel dryness.

scholarly journals Assessment of growth and yield performance of rubber tree clones of the IAC 500 series

2011 ◽  
Vol 46 (12) ◽  
pp. 1643-1649 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paulo de Souza Gonçalves ◽  
Erivaldo José Scaloppi Júnior ◽  
Maria Alice Martins ◽  
Rogério Manoel Biagi Moreno ◽  
Roberto Botelho Ferraz Branco ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Stability ◽  
Thermal Properties ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Rubber Tree ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Yield Performance ◽  
Paulo State ◽  
Northwest Region

The objective of this work was to evaluate the performance of 15 clones of the IAC 500 series of Hevea brasiliensis, developed at Instituto Agronômico (IAC), over a 12-year period, in the northwest region of São Paulo State, Brazil. The 15 new clones evaluated are primary clones obtained from selected ortets within half-sib progenies. The clone RRIM 600, of Malaysian origin, was used as the control. Dry rubber yield performance over a four-year period, mean girth at the tenth year, girth increment before and during tapping, thermal properties of the natural rubber produced and other characters of the laticiferous system were evaluated. Forty percent of the clones were superior in comparison to the control for yield. Clone IAC 500 recorded the highest yield (66.81 g per tree per tapping) over four years of tapping, followed by IAC 502 (62.37 g per tree per tapping), whereas the control recorded 48.71 g per tree per tapping. All selected clones were vigorous in growth. The natural rubber from this IAC clones showed thermal stability up to 300ºC. No differences were observed in the thermal behavior of rubber among the IAC series and the RRIM 600 clones. The clones IAC 500, IAC 501, IAC 502, IAC 503 and IAC 506 are the more promising for small-scale plantations, due to growth and yield potential.

Optimal Test Assembly in Practice

2013 ◽  
Vol 221 (3) ◽  
pp. 190-200 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jörg-Tobias Kuhn ◽  
Thomas Kiefer
Keyword(s):  
Particle Physics ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Linear Optimization ◽  
Mixed Integer ◽  
Optimal Test ◽  
Automated Test Assembly ◽  
Test Assembly ◽  
Block Level ◽  
Mixed Integer Linear Optimization

Several techniques have been developed in recent years to generate optimal large-scale assessments (LSAs) of student achievement. These techniques often represent a blend of procedures from such diverse fields as experimental design, combinatorial optimization, particle physics, or neural networks. However, despite the theoretical advances in the field, there still exists a surprising scarcity of well-documented test designs in which all factors that have guided design decisions are explicitly and clearly communicated. This paper therefore has two goals. First, a brief summary of relevant key terms, as well as experimental designs and automated test assembly routines in LSA, is given. Second, conceptual and methodological steps in designing the assessment of the Austrian educational standards in mathematics are described in detail. The test design was generated using a two-step procedure, starting at the item block level and continuing at the item level. Initially, a partially balanced incomplete item block design was generated using simulated annealing, whereas in a second step, items were assigned to the item blocks using mixed-integer linear optimization in combination with a shadow-test approach.

Small-Scale Science to Large-Scale Profession

2000 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 396-398
Author(s):  
Roger Smith
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Small Scale

Development of Physics Learning Module Based on Guided Inquiry with Light Wave Material in Class XI of Senior High School

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Evi Rahmawati ◽  
Irnin Agustina Dwi Astuti ◽  
N Nurhayati
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Learning Strategy ◽  
Student Response ◽  
Average Score ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Design Development ◽  
Teacher Response ◽  
Student Responses ◽  
Analysis Design ◽  
Scientific Skills

IPA Integrated is a place for students to study themselves and the surrounding environment applied in daily life. Integrated IPA Learning provides a direct experience to students through the use and development of scientific skills and attitudes. The importance of integrated IPA requires to pack learning well, integrated IPA integration with the preparation of modules combined with learning strategy can maximize the learning process in school. In SMP 209 Jakarta, the value of the integrated IPA is obtained from 34 students there are 10 students completed and 24 students are not complete because they get the value below the KKM of 68. This research is a development study with the development model of ADDIE (Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, and Evaluation). The use of KPS-based integrated IPA modules (Science Process sSkills) on the theme of rainbow phenomenon obtained by media expert validation results with an average score of 84.38%, average material expert 82.18%, average linguist 75.37%. So the average of all aspects obtained by 80.55% is worth using and tested to students. The results of the teacher response obtained 88.69% value with excellent criteria. Student responses on a small scale acquired an average score of 85.19% with highly agreed criteria and on the large-scale student response gained a yield of 86.44% with very agreed criteria. So the module can be concluded receiving a good response by the teacher and students.

Planetary gentrification and urban (re)development

2019 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Loretta Lees
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Policy Making ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Urban Redevelopment ◽  
Urban Transformation ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Income Groups ◽  
Low Income Groups

Abstract Gentrification is no-longer, if it ever was, a small scale process of urban transformation. Gentrification globally is more often practised as large scale urban redevelopment. It is state-led or state-induced. The results are clear – the displacement and disenfranchisement of low income groups in favour of wealthier in-movers. So, why has gentrification come to dominate policy making worldwide and what can be done about it?

AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION OF CA DONG PEOPLE IN RESETTLEMENT AREA OF TRANH RIVER HYDROPOWER NUMBER 2: CURRENT SITUATION AND IMPACT FACTORS

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bùi Thị Bích Lan
Keyword(s):  
Social Relations ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Transition Process ◽  
Impact Factors ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Technical Application ◽  
Production Models ◽  
Role Of The State

In Vietnam, the construction of hydropower projects has contributed significantly in the cause of industrialization and modernization of the country. The place where hydropower projects are built is mostly inhabited by ethnic minorities - communities that rely primarily on land, a very important source of livelihood security. In the context of the lack of common productive land in resettlement areas, the orientation for agricultural production is to promote indigenous knowledge combined with increasing scientific and technical application; shifting from small-scale production practices to large-scale commodity production. However, the research results of this article show that many obstacles in the transition process are being posed such as limitations on natural resources, traditional production thinking or the suitability and effectiveness of scientific - technical application models. When agricultural production does not ensure food security, a number of implications for people’s lives are increasingly evident, such as poverty, preserving cultural identity, social relations and resource protection. Since then, it has set the role of the State in researching and building appropriate agricultural production models to exploit local strengths and ensure sustainability.

Managing the impacts of mining on Ghana’s water resources from a legal perspective

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 156-165 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nasirudeen Abdul Fatawu
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Water Resources ◽  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Mining Activities ◽  
Protection Agency ◽  
Environmental Laws ◽  
Mining Areas ◽  
Legal Perspective

Recent floods in Ghana are largely blamed on mining activities. Not only are lives lost through these floods, farms andproperties are destroyed as a result. Water resources are diverted, polluted and impounded upon by both large-scale minersand small-scale miners. Although these activities are largely blamed on behavioural attitudes that need to be changed, thereare legal dimensions that should be addressed as well. Coincidentally, a great proportion of the water resources of Ghana arewithin these mining areas thus the continual pollution of these surface water sources is a serious threat to the environmentand the development of the country as a whole. The environmental laws need to be oriented properly with adequate sanctionsto tackle the impacts mining has on water resources. The Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) procedure needs to bestreamlined and undertaken by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and not the company itself.

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