scholarly journals Effect of Short and Long Term Restraint Stress on the Histology of Liver, Kidney and Suprarenal Gland in Albino Mice during Postweaning Period

2021 ◽  
pp. 6-19
Author(s):  
Othman Hakum Said ◽  
Chukwuma J. Okafor ◽  
Hassan Thabit Haji ◽  
Prakash B. Babu ◽  
Vanisri S. Nayak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adrenal Cortex ◽  
Restraint Stress ◽  
Cell Injury ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Suprarenal Gland ◽  
Albino Mice ◽  
Convoluted Tubules

On exposure to stress and for the sake of survival, cells make adjustments with the changes in their environment to the physiologic needs and non-lethal pathologic injury. When the environmental changes are greater than the capacity of the cell to maintain normal homeostasis the cell undergoes acute cell injury. If the injury or insult is removed on time, or the cell can adapt and withstand the injury, the term reversible injury is applied. The processes of adaptation include decreasing or increasing their size, increasing their number, or changing the pathway of phenotypic differentiation of cells. In the present study, albino mice of postweaning age of BALB C strain (21 days old) were exposed to short term (5 days) and long term (21 days) restraint stress to evaluate any histological changes in the kidney, liver, and suprarenal gland. Mice subjected to long term stress showed in the kidney degeneration of the cells of the glomerulus and the convoluted tubules. In the liver, they showed congested sinusoids and the presence of some fatty change, whereas in the suprarenal gland mice subjected to 21 days of stress showed moderate hypertrophy and hyperplasia of the adrenal cortex with the presence of moderate lipoid deposits when compared to controls. The overall effect on short term stress was mild when compared to exposure to 21 days stress Long term stress causes degeneration in hepatic cells, infiltration in the liver, degeneration of glomerulus, Bowman’s capsule, convoluted tubules in the kidney which could lead to nephrotoxicity. In the suprarenal gland, long term stress induces hypertrophy of the adrenal cortex. These morphological changes can explain the impaired immunity which develops in organisms that are exposed to chronic stress.

Ecological succession as an aspect of structure in fossil communities

Paleobiology ◽  
1975 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 238-257 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth R. Walker ◽  
Leonard P. Alberstadt
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Food Chains ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Niche Specialization ◽  
Pattern Diversity ◽  
Physical Environments ◽  
Autogenic Succession ◽  
Succession Stage ◽  
Stratigraphic Sequences

Succession involves changes in a community through time, whether internally or externally controlled. As succession progresses, niche specialization, species diversity (variety and equitability), complexity of food chains, and pattern diversity increase; net production and species growth rate decrease. We apply the succession concept to three types of ancient community sequences: 1) fossil reefs (Ordovician—Cretaceous in age), 2) short-term successions occurring through thin stratigraphic intervals, and 3) long-term successions occurring through thicker stratigraphic intervals. Ancient reefs show four vertical zones: (1) a basal stabilization zone (autogenic), 2) the overlying colonization zone (autogenic, pioneer stage), 3) the diversification zone, the bulk of most reefs (diversification culminating in climax), and 4) the uppermost domination zone. The first three zones represent autogenic succession but the final stage may involve allogenic succession. Short-term succession usually occurs where periodic allogenic catastrophes wipe out the community which is rebuilt through autogenic succession. Opportunistic pioneer species are important and in our examples (Ordovician, Silurian, and Cretaceous) are species which pave soft substrata. Paleozoic strophomenid brachiopods filled this role, and inoceramid pelecypods served the function in the Mesozoic. The succession which begins with opportunists progresses to a climax community of equilibrists. Repetition of catastrophe-succession couplets produces a cyclic stratigraphic record. Long-term successions are recorded in thicker stratigraphic sequences, and are of two types: 1) autogenic succession in unchanging physical environments and 2) allogenic succession in changing physical environments. Our examples of these are from the Devonian Haragan-Bois D'Arc formations of Oklahoma and the Lime Creek Formation of Iowa. This type of succession represents a temporal-spatial mosaic. The Haragan data (unchanging environments) indicate characteristic, intergrading, and ubiquitous species in the brachiopod communities. Most ubiquitous species in the pioneer community were eurytopic opportunists. The Lime Creek data allows testing of the prediction that environmental changes cause regression to an earlier succession stage. The brachiopod communities after environmental changes have more ubiquitous and intergrading eurytopic species. These represent an earlier stage in the succession.

Role of cyclic AMP in the action of dopaminergic D2 receptors of some endocrine glands in rats

1987 ◽  
Vol 7 (10) ◽  
pp. 751-755 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdulrahim Abu-Jayyab ◽  
Ezz-Eddin S. M. El-Denshary ◽  
Abdulrahman M. Ageel ◽  
Mohamed Rafik Dakkak
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Gland ◽  
Cyclic Amp ◽  
Adrenal Cortex ◽  
D2 Receptors ◽  
Endocrine Glands ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Presence And Absence

Short-term and long-term effects of bromocriptine mesylate (10 mg/kg i.p.) on cyclic AMP contents of the liver and some endocrine glands have been investigated in the presence and absence of sulpiride (10 mg/kg i.p.). Results revealed that bromocriptine caused significant elevations in the cyclic AMP contents of the liver and reduction in its adrenocortical content. Bromocriptine effect on the adrenal cortex was antagonized by sulpiride, whereas its effect on the liver was not changed. Bromocriptine did not change the, cyclic AMP content in the thyroid gland or the ovary.

Morphology and Pipeline Design Through a Dynamic Landfall Area: The Black Sea Pipeline Case

2002 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. Chen ◽  
Marco Venturi ◽  
R. Bijker
Keyword(s):  
Sediment Transport ◽  
Environmental Impact ◽  
Black Sea ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Burial Depth ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Pipeline Route ◽  
Long Term Variations

The Blue Stream pipeline project is a gas transportation system for the delivery of processed gas from a gas station in the southern Russia across the Black Sea to Ankara, Turkey. The Turkish landfall of the offshore pipeline in the Black Sea is located near Samsun, see Figure 1 for the pipeline route. One of the main aspects of the design of pipeline through a morphologically dynamic area such as landfall is the required burial depth (Chen et al, 1998, 2001 and Bijker et al 1995). The burial depth is the result of an optimisation between: • safety of the pipeline (which often requires a large burial depth), and • environmental impact and trenching costs (a small burial depth means less dredging and less environmental impact). This paper presents a method of predicting the future extremely low seabed level in a morphologically dynamic landfall area, which is required to determine the burial depth of the pipeline. Both short term and long term coast evolution were assessed to quantify the expected lowest seabed level along the pipeline route in the landfall area during the pipeline lifetime of 50 years. The results were used to determine the required pipeline burial depth. The long term morphological changes originate from long term variations in the morphological system (e.g. river input), gradient in the longshore sediment transport and long term variations in the hydrodynamic conditions. The short-term morphological changes originate from beach profile variations due to cross-shore sediment transport as a result of seasonal and yearly variations in the wave and current conditions. Numerical modelling was applied to compute the longshore and cross-shore sediment transport rates and the resulting coastline evolution and cross-shore profile evolution. The longshore transport model was validated using the available data on the coastline changes in the past 20 years, which was derived from the satellite images. The 50-year lowest seabed level has been determined as the sum of the coastline retreat and the cross-shore evolution in the next 50 years.

Dual role of heme oxygenase in epithelial cell injury: Contrasting effects of short-term and long-term exposure to oxidant stress

1996 ◽  
Vol 128 (3) ◽  
pp. 290-296 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean-Louis Da Silva ◽  
Tomoyuki Morishita ◽  
Bruno Escalante ◽  
Robert Staudinger ◽  
George Drummond ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Epithelial Cell ◽  
Heme Oxygenase ◽  
Cell Injury ◽  
Oxidant Stress ◽  
Dual Role ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Epithelial Cell Injury

scholarly journals NATURE AND THE CITY: A CO-EVOLUTIONARY PROJECT

2014 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 198-204 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samir Younés
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Changes ◽  
International Agreements ◽  
Regional Level ◽  
Deep Ecology ◽  
Earth System ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Traditional Architecture ◽  
Gaia Theory ◽  
The City

Architects who understand the need to build enduringly are faced with the almost complete absence of international agreements with respect to a planetary ecological project. The coming environmental changes will probably occur long before the small measures that can be implemented by some building industries on a regional level have even the slightest effect. Meanwhile, the health of the planet in positive feedback. Any project that aims for a wise ecological dwelling on this planet needs to consider short-term sustainable measures in comparison with long-term enduring practices. Might schools of thoughts such as traditional architecture, Gaia theory, Earth System Science, deep ecology, eco-feminism, converge on a co-evolutionary partnership between the natural and the human?

Response of Sympatho-Adrenal Axis and Adrenal Cortex to Short-Term Restraint Stress in Sheep

1993 ◽  
Vol 40 (1-10) ◽  
pp. 631-638 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. NIEZGODA ◽  
S. BOBEK ◽  
D. WRONSKA-FORTUNA ◽  
E. WIERZCHOS
Keyword(s):  
Adrenal Cortex ◽  
Restraint Stress ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Adrenal Axis

scholarly journals A Simulation Model of the Decomposition Activity of Multiple Fungi

2021 ◽  
Vol 267 ◽  
pp. 02028
Author(s):  
Ruoxuan Liu ◽  
Jianhui Ye
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Colony Growth ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Model Decomposition ◽  
Decomposition Model ◽  
Fungal Activity ◽  
Single Colony ◽  
Extension Model ◽  
The Relationship

Fungi play an essential role in carbon cycle by decomposing the litter and woody fibers. This study aims to establish a model for describing the decomposition by multiple fungal activities in different environment. We establish Colony Distribution-Decomposition Model to simulate the interaction between various fungi and describe the relationship between fungal activity and decomposition, which is divided into three sub-models: single colony growth and extension model, decomposition model and competition model. We applied this model to the study of the interaction of different species, the sensitivity of fungi to environmental changes in short-term and long-term, the adapatability to different climate types for various species and the role biodiversity plays in the breakdown of the litter. The developed model has the advantages of comprehensiveness, stability, rationality, and wide application, which is a feasible and reasonable model to assist the analysis on the interaction between multiple fungi and describe the relationship between fungal activity and decomposition.

Aspects of Psychological Aging and Technology

1985 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 117-121
Author(s):  
Stig Berg
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Factors ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Eating Habits ◽  
Social Resources ◽  
Psychological Resources ◽  
Age Changes ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Technological Factors ◽  
The Individual

Aging is generally regarded as a reduction of physical, psychological, and social resources. This reduction is due to two processes that operate simultaneously during the life of an individual. One of these processes is the basic biological changes which take place within the individual and are probably programmed by genetic factors. The other is change due to environmental factors, such as air pollution, noise, poor working conditions, and eating habits, social and psychological factors such as attitudes and norms, and technological factors which can enhance adaptation or cause a decline in social or psychological resources. According to present knowledge, biological age changes are irreversible. However, it should be possible to reverse the environmental changes either through short-term interventions among individuals and the community, or by long-term interventions in the society.

Long-term trophic action of α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone on the zona glomerulosa of the rat adrenal cortex

1986 ◽  
Vol 112 (3) ◽  
pp. 404-408 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudia Robba ◽  
Piera Rebuffat ◽  
Giuseppina Mazzocchi ◽  
Gastone G. Nussdorfer
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Level ◽  
Adrenal Cortex ◽  
Zona Glomerulosa ◽  
Zona Fasciculata ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone ◽  
Glomerulosa Cells ◽  
Zona Glomerulosa Cells ◽  
Stimulating Hormone

Abstract. The effects of α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH) on the rat adrenal cortex were investigated by coupled morphometric and radioimmunological techniques. Short-term α-MSH administration provoked a significant increase in the aldosterone plasma level along with a notable lipid droplet depletion in zona glomerulosa cells. Long-term α-MSH treatment induced a notable hypertrophy of zona glomerulosa cells and a further rise in the blood concentration of aldosterone. α-MSH did not affect zona fasciculata morphology and corticosterone plasma level. The possibility is discussed that α-MSH may be specifically involved in the control of the growth and steroidogenic capacity of rat adrenal zona glomerulosa.

Childhood Coping: Avoiding a Lifetime of Anxiety

1992 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 229-237 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip C. Kendall
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Skills ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Intervention Strategies ◽  
Social Judgments ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Ideal Situation ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Family ◽  
The Ideal

Short-term social judgments that involve avoidance can contribute to the production of a habit that forecloses on later adaptation. When a child uses avoidance in one setting, and then in another, the child may have already begun the foreclosure process. Short-term decisions have long-term consequences, and to reduce anxious avoidance in youth is to increase long-range opportunities. Teaching behavioural and cognitive skills to increase social competence and adaptation will increase opportunities and increase choice. In the ideal situation, the plan is to encourage the development of coping skills, to encourage the family and the school to provide opportunities for coping, and to encourage the social system to provide the rewards that will maintain nonanxious nonavoidant behaviour. The thrust of this presentation is (a) to review and integrate behavioural and cognitive theories that guide us to understand the nature of anxiety in youth, (b) to describe intervention strategies that build childhood coping, and (c) to consider the necessary environmental changes that are needed to maintain treatment-produced gains.

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