scholarly journals An Overview on Depression: An Approach to Disorder and Management

2021 ◽  
pp. 336-340
Author(s):  
Kartik Pandya ◽  
Chintan Aundhia ◽  
Avinash Seth ◽  
Nirmal Shah ◽  
Dipti Gohil ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Major Depressive Disorder ◽  
Depressive Disorder ◽  
Social Functioning ◽  
Daily Activities ◽  
Major Depressive ◽  
Central Nervous System Disorders ◽  
The Brain

Central nervous system (CNS) disorder is the world’s leading cause of disability and account of more hospitalizations. Central nervous system disorders are a group of neurological disorder that affect the structure or function of the brain or spinal cord. Depression (major depressive disorder or clinical depression) is a common but serious mood disorder. It causes severe symptoms that affect how you feel, think, and handle daily activities, such as sleeping, eating, or working. The aim of treatment is release of neurotrophic proteins in the brain that can help to rebuild the hippocampus that has been reduced due to depression and to optimize patients’ physical, psychological and social functioning. This review presents a brief summary on psychological implications of living with depression, pathogenesis, diagnosis, causes, sign and symptoms and treatments associated with depression.

scholarly journals A Review on Some Medicinal Plants of North- East India Region Used in the Treatment of Central Nervous System Disorders

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 199-207
Author(s):  
VENESSA NATH ◽  
PARISHMITA BURAGOHAIN ◽  
HEMANTA KUMAR SHARMA
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Medicinal Plants ◽  
Northeast India ◽  
Cns Disorders ◽  
North East India ◽  
North East ◽  
Central Nervous System Disorders ◽  
The Brain

Background: Central nervous system (CNS) disorders are a group of neurological disorders concerned with behaviour, coordination and functioning of the brain and the spinal cord. The CNS is the site of processing various informations. It interprets and evaluates the information and as result, the CNS responds accordingly and controls the body. Any defects or disorders of the Central nervous system may cause degeneration of the organs and tissues associated with it, loss of coordination, paralysis, etc. These disorders may be hereditary or due to injuries to the brain and spinal cord. Although, these disorders are being cured with medicaments, many plant species are also seen to be effective in its treatment. Objective: the main objective of this article is to underline the potentials and the needs for the documentation of the ecological knowledge of herbal medicines of the north east India region, necessary for the greater well-being of mankind in the prevention and cure of CNS disorders. Methods: an extensive literature survey was carried out through various databases like Google Scholar, Pubmed, Sciencedirect etc to support this review. All the collected information was analyzed accordingly and the plants were enlisted based on the classes of CNS disorders for which they are used. Result and discussion: from the survey of the database being collected, it was found that many traditional and local plants of the northeast India region are therapeutically effective in the treatment and cure of many Central nervous system disorders. Conclusion:-It is now an accepted fact that many traditional plants found in the Northeast India have been acceptable within the human body and hence these can be used to replace many expensive medications available in the market. Keywords:  Medicinal plants; Central Nervous System; CNS disorders; Northeast India; Plant extract

Central Nerve System Impairment, AMA Guides, Sixth Edition: An Overview

2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 10-13
Author(s):  
James B. Talmage ◽  
Jay Blaisdell
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Neurological Impairment ◽  
Sixth Edition ◽  
Central Nerve System ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The One ◽  
Nerve System ◽  
The Brain

Abstract Injuries that affect the central nervous system (CNS) can be catastrophic because they involve the brain or spinal cord, and determining the underlying clinical cause of impairment is essential in using the AMA Guides to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment (AMA Guides), in part because the AMA Guides addresses neurological impairment in several chapters. Unlike the musculoskeletal chapters, Chapter 13, The Central and Peripheral Nervous System, does not use grades, grade modifiers, and a net adjustment formula; rather the chapter uses an approach that is similar to that in prior editions of the AMA Guides. The following steps can be used to perform a CNS rating: 1) evaluate all four major categories of cerebral impairment, and choose the one that is most severe; 2) rate the single most severe cerebral impairment of the four major categories; 3) rate all other impairments that are due to neurogenic problems; and 4) combine the rating of the single most severe category of cerebral impairment with the ratings of all other impairments. Because some neurological dysfunctions are rated elsewhere in the AMA Guides, Sixth Edition, the evaluator may consult Table 13-1 to verify the appropriate chapter to use.

scholarly journals Phosphodiesterase 8A to discriminate in blood samples depressed patients and suicide attempters from healthy controls based on A-to-I RNA editing modifications

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicolas Salvetat ◽  
Fabrice Chimienti ◽  
Christopher Cayzac ◽  
Benjamin Dubuc ◽  
Francisco Checa-Robles ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Major Depressive Disorder ◽  
Depressive Disorder ◽  
Rna Editing ◽  
Whole Blood ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Major Depressive ◽  
Suicide Attempters ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Depressed Patients ◽  
The Brain

AbstractMental health issues, including major depressive disorder, which can lead to suicidal behavior, are considered by the World Health Organization as a major threat to global health. Alterations in neurotransmitter signaling, e.g., serotonin and glutamate, or inflammatory response have been linked to both MDD and suicide. Phosphodiesterase 8A (PDE8A) gene expression is significantly decreased in the temporal cortex of major depressive disorder (MDD) patients. PDE8A specifically hydrolyzes adenosine 3′,5′-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP), which is a key second messenger involved in inflammation, cognition, and chronic antidepressant treatment. Moreover, alterations of RNA editing in PDE8A mRNA has been described in the brain of depressed suicide decedents. Here, we investigated PDE8A A-to-I RNA editing-related modifications in whole blood of depressed patients and suicide attempters compared to age-matched and sex-matched healthy controls. We report significant alterations of RNA editing of PDE8A in the blood of depressed patients and suicide attempters with major depression, for which the suicide attempt took place during the last month before sample collection. The reported RNA editing modifications in whole blood were similar to the changes observed in the brain of suicide decedents. Furthermore, analysis and combinations of different edited isoforms allowed us to discriminate between suicide attempters and control groups. Altogether, our results identify PDE8A as an immune response-related marker whose RNA editing modifications translate from brain to blood, suggesting that monitoring RNA editing in PDE8A in blood samples could help to evaluate depressive state and suicide risk.

Some Points in the Histology of Lymphogenous and Hæmatogenous Toxic Lesions of the Spinal Cord

1908 ◽  
Vol 54 (226) ◽  
pp. 560-561
Author(s):  
David Orr ◽  
R. G. Rows
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Sciatic Nerve ◽  
Morphological Type ◽  
Broth Culture ◽  
Anatomical Distribution ◽  
Tabes Dorsalis ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Brain

At a quarterly meeting of this Association held last year at Nottingham, we showed the results of our experiments with toxins upon the spinal cord and brain of rabbits. Our main conclusion was, that the central nervous system could be infected by toxins passing up along the lymph channels of the perineural sheath. The method we employed in our experiments consisted in placing a celloidin capsule filled with a broth culture of an organism under the sciatic nerve or under the skin of the cheek; and we invariably found a resulting degeneration in the spinal cord or brain, according to the situation of the capsule. These lesions we found to be identical in morphological type and anatomical distribution with those found in the cord of early tabes dorsalis and in the brain and cord of general paralysis of the insane. The conclusion suggested by our work was that these two diseases, if toxic, were most probably infections of lymphogenous origin.

Intrinsic gray-matter connectivity of the brain in major depressive disorder

2019 ◽  
Vol 251 ◽  
pp. 78-85 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huifeng Zhang ◽  
Meihui Qiu ◽  
Lei Ding ◽  
David Mellor ◽  
Gang Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Major Depressive Disorder ◽  
Depressive Disorder ◽  
Gray Matter ◽  
Major Depressive ◽  
The Brain

scholarly journals Investigating the convergent mechanisms between Major Depressive Disorder and Parkinson’s disease

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angela A Tran ◽  
Myra De Smet ◽  
Gary D. Grant ◽  
Tien K. Khoo ◽  
Dean L Pountney
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Major Depressive Disorder ◽  
Depressive Disorder ◽  
Cell Activation ◽  
Glutamate Excitotoxicity ◽  
Major Depressive ◽  
Glial Cell Activation ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
The Brain

Major depressive disorder (MDD) affects more than cognition, having a temporal relationship with neuroinflammatory pathways of Parkinson’s disease (PD). Although this association is supported by epidemiological and clinical studies, the underlying mechanisms are unclear. Microglia and astrocytes play crucial roles in the pathophysiology of both MDD and PD. In PD, these cells can be activated by misfolded forms of the protein α-synuclein to release cytokines that can interact with multiple different physiological processes to produce depressive symptoms, including monoamine transport and availability, the hypothalamus-pituitary axis, and neurogenesis. In MDD, glial cell activation can be induced by peripheral inflammatory agents that cross the blood brain barrier and/or c-Fos signaling from neurons. The resulting neuroinflammation can cause neurodegeneration due to oxidative stress and glutamate excitotoxicity, contributing to PD pathology. Astrocytes are another major link due to their recognised role in the glymphatic clearance mechanism. Research suggesting that MDD causes astrocytic destruction or structural atrophy highlight the possibility that accumulation of α-synuclein in the brain is facilitated as the brain cannot adequately clear the protein aggregates. This review examines research into the overlapping pathophysiology of MDD and PD with particular focus on the roles of glial cells and neuroinflammation.

scholarly journals Blues in the Brain and Beyond: Molecular Bases of Major Depressive Disorder and Relative Pharmacological and Non-Pharmacological Treatments

Genes ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 1089 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elisabetta Maffioletti ◽  
Alessandra Minelli ◽  
Daniela Tardito ◽  
Massimo Gennarelli
Keyword(s):  
Major Depressive Disorder ◽  
Depressive Disorder ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Pharmacological Treatments ◽  
Major Depressive ◽  
Reciprocal Interactions ◽  
Evidence Based Treatments ◽  
Molecular Effects ◽  
Molecular Bases ◽  
The Brain

Despite the extensive research conducted in recent decades, the molecular mechanisms underlying major depressive disorder (MDD) and relative evidence-based treatments remain unclear. Various hypotheses have been successively proposed, involving different biological systems. This narrative review aims to critically illustrate the main pathogenic hypotheses of MDD, ranging from the historical ones based on the monoaminergic and neurotrophic theories, through the subsequent neurodevelopmental, glutamatergic, GABAergic, inflammatory/immune and endocrine explanations, until the most recent evidence postulating a role for fatty acids and the gut microbiota. Moreover, the molecular effects of established both pharmacological and non-pharmacological approaches for MDD are also reviewed. Overall, the existing literature indicates that the molecular mechanisms described in the context of these different hypotheses, rather than representing alternative ones to each other, are likely to contribute together, often with reciprocal interactions, to the development of MDD and to the effectiveness of treatments, and points at the need for further research efforts in this field.

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