scholarly journals Review of the Literature on Existing Management of Dry Eye Disease

2021 ◽  
pp. 878-884
Author(s):  
Isha Chandrakar ◽  
Shruti Sanghavi
Keyword(s):  
Dry Eye ◽  
Contact Lenses ◽  
Antibacterial Properties ◽  
Tear Film ◽  
Severe Case ◽  
Dry Eye Disease ◽  
Eye Disease ◽  
Lacrimal Glands ◽  
Ocular Symptoms ◽  
Meibomian Glands

Dry eye disease (DED) is a multifactorial disease in which the tear film’s homeostasis is lost, along with other ocular symptoms such as tear film instability and high osmolarity, neurosensory abnormalities, and ocular surface inflammation and damage. DED is a condition of lacrimal apparatus which is responsible for tear production. The tear film is a mixture of mucin, aqueous (water and solutes like NacI, sugar, urea, proteins,), lipids secreted by goblet cells, lacrimal glands, and meibomian glands, respectively. It keeps the eye moist, provides oxygen to the cornea, and has antibacterial properties. The lipid layer prevents the evaporation of the aqueous. DED is categorized into (i)Aqueous-tear deficiency, characterized by a deficiency of lacrimal glands to secrete tears, (ii)Evaporative DED, associated with increased tear loss by evaporation because there is a deficiency of the meibomian glands. The mechanism of DED might be loss of tear through evaporation or insufficient aqueous production or a combination of the two. DED is a widespread eye problem, which is often left untreated. It causes irritation, itching, dryness, foreign body sensation, and discomfort; severe case causes conjunctival congestion, keratinization, erosion of the corneal epithelium, and plaque formation. If left Univision- threatening vision-threatening, leading to complications like corneal ulceration and perforation. Various clinical tests are used to diose DED, including tear breakup time, tear osmolarity, Schirmer test, Rose Bengal staining, and expression of inflammatory markers. There is no cure for DED at present. The following modalities are used for its treatment: use of punctual and canalicular plugs, artificial tear products like polyethylene glycol/propylene glycol with guar HP, consuming food rich in omega-three fatty acids, antioxidants zeaxanthin, and lutein, Use of anti-inflammatory drugs, mucolytics, secretagogues. Reducing or avoiding mild risk factors like prolonged reading, prolonged use of contact lenses, excessive screen time, etc. Treatment of causative disease.  Appropriate management and establishing reasonable patient expectations are necessary to ensure patient satisfaction and adherence to the treatment.

scholarly journals Dry eye disease in students with myopia during COVID-19 pandemic

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 34-37
Author(s):  
M.V. Panchenko ◽  
P.A. Bezditko
Keyword(s):  
Distance Learning ◽  
Dry Eye ◽  
Contact Lenses ◽  
Tear Film ◽  
Face Mask ◽  
Corneal Topography ◽  
Dry Eye Disease ◽  
Eye Disease ◽  
Eye Drops ◽  
Ocular Surface Disease Index

Background. Today, the urgent problem is coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic in the whole world. Safety measures such as the use of masks, distance learning have been implemented. However, ophthalmologists, as well as the general population, should know that a face mask together with prolonged use of digital devices leads to an increase in the number of dry eye cases in many patients. The purpose was to study the frequency of dry eye disease in students with myopia. Materials and methods. The study involved 96 medical students diagnosed with myopia taken by random sampling, who were examined by an ophthalmologist. Apart from the standard ophthalmologic examination, all patients underwent the evaluation of the stability of the precorneal tear film by means of corneal topography, and Norn test (tear break-up time (TBUT)). There was also used a standard questionnaire designed to assess the severity of dry eye disease symptoms (Ocular Surface Disease Index). Results. The corneal topography of the 47 patients did not demonstrate any reduction in TBUT. The average time of the concentric ring remained stable for 20.2 ± 3.0 seconds. But 49 individuals exhibited signs of tear film instability over time compared to 47 patients without TBUT impairment. In 47 people without impairments, corneal topography demonstrated that this indicator in Norn test varied from 25 to 18 seconds, i.e. was within the age norm (21.5 ± 3.5 seconds on average). In 3 patients with a minimum TBUT on keratotopography, its value during the Norn test was 9 seconds. In 36 patients with reduced TBUT according to both methods, there was a weak degree of dry eyes, in 10 — moderate, in 3 — severe. The most common complaints were a sandy, gritty sensation in the eyes, visual discomfort when working at a computer and in windy weather, and with prolonged use of a protective mask. Conclusions. Among students who were on distance learning, 51.04 % of individuals have objectively confirmed dry eye disease. People wearing contact lenses have a more pronounced degree of dry eye, so it is mandatory for ophthalmologists to prescribe lubricating eye drops.

scholarly journals Analysis of the Association between Galectin-3 Concentration in Tears and the Severity of Dry Eye Disease: A Case-Control Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 66
Author(s):  
Miki Hata-Mizuno ◽  
Yuichi Uchino ◽  
Miki Uchino ◽  
Shigeto Shimmura ◽  
Yoko Ogawa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dry Eye ◽  
Detection Rate ◽  
Tear Film ◽  
Dry Eye Disease ◽  
University Hospital ◽  
Eye Disease ◽  
Surface Barrier ◽  
Ocular Symptoms ◽  
Questionnaire Score ◽  
Galectin 3

This study aimed to investigate the relationship between the severity of dry eye disease (DED) and galectin-3 concentration (gal-3) and its cleavage (gal-3C) in tear fluid. Twenty-eight DED patients and 14 controls were recruited at Keio University Hospital. The lissamine green conjunctival staining (LG) score, fluorescein corneal staining (FL) score, tear film break-up time (TBUT), Schirmer’s test, and ocular symptoms questionnaire score (dry eye questionnaire score, DEQS) were evaluated. Furthermore, the correlation between these parameters and the concentrations of gal-3 in tears (ng/µg) and the detection rate of gal-3C (%) were analyzed. Gal-3 concentration in tears was positively correlated with the LG score (R = 0.60, p < 0.01), FL score (R = 0.49, p < 0.01), and DEQS (R = 0.45, p < 0.01), and negatively correlated with the TBUT score (R = −0.40, p < 0.01) and Schirmer’s I value (R = −0.36, p < 0.01). The detection rate of gal-3C in tears was significantly associated with the severity of DED, especially with the LG (p < 0.01) and FL (p < 0.01) scores. Therefore, the concentration of gal-3 and the detection rate of gal-3C in tears had a significant relationship with the severity of ocular surface barrier disruption.

scholarly journals Autoimmune Epithelitis and Chronic Inflammation in Sjögren’s Syndrome-Related Dry Eye Disease

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (21) ◽  
pp. 11820
Author(s):  
Yoko Ogawa ◽  
Tsutomu Takeuchi ◽  
Kazuo Tsubota
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Inflammation ◽  
Dry Eye ◽  
Ocular Surface ◽  
Sjogren’S Syndrome ◽  
Sjogren's Syndrome ◽  
Dry Eye Disease ◽  
Eye Disease ◽  
Lacrimal Glands ◽  
Meibomian Glands ◽  
Sjögren‘S Syndrome

Autoimmune epithelitis and chronic inflammation are one of the characteristic features of the immune pathogenesis of Sjögren’s syndrome (SS)-related dry eye disease. Autoimmune epithelitis can cause the dysfunction of the excretion of tear fluid and mucin from the lacrimal glands and conjunctival epithelia and meibum from the meibomian glands. The lacrimal gland and conjunctival epithelia express major histocompatibility complex class II or human leukocyte antigen-DR and costimulatory molecules, acting as nonprofessional antigen-presenting cells for T cell and B cell activation in SS. Ocular surface epithelium dysfunction can lead to dry eye disease in SS. Considering the mechanisms underlying SS-related dry eye disease, this review highlights autoimmune epithelitis of the ocular surface, chronic inflammation, and several other molecules in the tear film, cornea, conjunctiva, lacrimal glands, and meibomian glands that represent potential targets in the treatment of SS-related dry eye disease.

scholarly journals Dry eye disease and its treatment in women over 45 years

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 103-107
Author(s):  
E.A. Drozdova ◽  
◽  
V.E. Balan ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Dry Eye ◽  
Tear Film ◽  
Meibomian Gland ◽  
Dry Eye Disease ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Eye Disease ◽  
Lipid Layer ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Meibomian Glands ◽  
Nano Emulsion

Epidemiological studies demonstrate an increase in age-related prevalence of dry eye disease (DED) and its higher occurrence in women. In addition to age-related alterations of structures producing tear film, the reduction of androgen levels and other regulating hormones is important for DED development. The role of estrogens and progesterone in the regulation of lacrimal and meibomian gland activity is still disputable. Additional factors of DED development in women are a high rate of comorbidities affecting gland functions, use of cosmetics and cosmetic procedures, contact lens wearing. The results are partial atrophy of meibomian glands, changes in the quality and amount of their secret, increased tear evaporation. Cationic nano-emulsion that addresses the deficiency and stabilize the lipid layer, increases water content, and reduces tear osmolarity is recommended for DED in women. Keywords: dry eye disease, tear film, meibomian glands, postmenopausal, lipid layer, tear osmolarity, artificial tears, cationic nano-emulsion. For citation: Drozdova E.A., Balan V.E. Dry eye disease and its treatment in women over 45 years. Russian Journal of Clinical Ophthalmology. 2021;21(2):103–107. DOI: 10.32364/2311-7729-2021-21-2-103-107.

scholarly journals Tear Proteomics Study of Dry Eye Disease: Which Eye Do You Adopt as the Representative Eye for the Study?

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 422
Author(s):  
Ming-Tse Kuo ◽  
Po-Chiung Fang ◽  
Shu-Fang Kuo ◽  
Alexander Chen ◽  
Yu-Ting Huang
Keyword(s):  
Dry Eye ◽  
Ocular Surface ◽  
Tear Film ◽  
Dry Eye Disease ◽  
Eye Disease ◽  
Mechanistic Studies ◽  
Clinical Tests ◽  
Tear Proteins ◽  
Proteomic Data ◽  
Surface Performance

Most studies about dry eye disease (DED) chose unilateral eye for investigation and drew conclusions based on monocular results, whereas most studies involving tear proteomics were based on the results of pooling tears from a group of DED patients. Patients with DED were consecutively enrolled for binocular clinical tests, tear biochemical markers of DED, and tear proteome. We found that bilateral eyes of DED patients may have similar but different ocular surface performance and tear proteome. Most ocular surface homeostatic markers and tear biomarkers were not significantly different in the bilateral eyes of DED subjects, and most clinical parameters and tear biomarkers were correlated significantly between bilateral eyes. However, discrepant binocular presentation in the markers of ocular surface homeostasis and the associations with tear proteins suggested that one eye’s performance cannot represent that of the other eye or both eyes. Therefore, in studies for elucidating tear film homeostasis of DED, we may lose some important messages hidden in the fellow eye if we collected clinical and proteomic data only from a unilateral eye. For mechanistic studies, it is recommended that researchers collect tear samples from the eye with more severe DED under sensitive criteria for identifying the more severe eye and evaluating the tear biochemical and proteomic markers with binocular concordance drawn in prior binocular studies.

A distinct cytokines profile in tear film of dry eye disease (DED) patients with HIV infection

Cytokine ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 88 ◽  
pp. 77-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rupesh Agrawal ◽  
Praveen Kumar Balne ◽  
Anuradha Veerappan ◽  
Veonice Bijin Au ◽  
Bernett Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Dry Eye ◽  
Tear Film ◽  
Dry Eye Disease ◽  
Eye Disease

scholarly journals Cationic Thiolated Poly(aspartamide) Polymer as a Potential Excipient for Artificial Tear Formulations

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mária Budai-Szűcs ◽  
Gabriella Horvát ◽  
Barnabás Áron Szilágyi ◽  
Benjámin Gyarmati ◽  
András Szilágyi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dry Eye ◽  
Tear Film ◽  
Dry Eye Disease ◽  
Eye Disease ◽  
Eye Drops ◽  
Thiol Groups ◽  
Physiological Properties ◽  
Disulphide Bond Formation ◽  
Polymer Bearing

Dry eye disease is a relatively common ocular problem, which causes eye discomfort and visual disorders leading to a decrease in the quality of life. The aim of this study was to find a possible excipient for eye drop formulations, which is able to stabilize the tear film. A cationic thiolated polyaspartamide polymer, poly[(N-mercaptoethylaspartamide)-co-(N-(N′,N′-dimethylaminoethyl)aspartamide)] (ThioPASP-DME), was used as a potential vehicle. Besides satisfying the basic requirements, the chemical structure of ThioPASP-DME is similar to those of ocular mucins as it is a protein-like polymer bearing a considerable number of thiol groups. The solution of the polymer is therefore able to mimic the physiological properties of the mucins and it can interact with the mucus layer via disulphide bond formation. The resultant mucoadhesion provides a prolonged residence time and ensures protective effect for the corneal/conjunctival epithelium. ThioPASP-DME also has an antioxidant effect due to the presence of the thiol groups. The applicability of ThioPASP-DME as a potential excipient in eye drops was determined by means of ocular compatibility tests and through examinations of the interactions with the mucosal surface. The results indicate that ThioPASP-DME can serve as a potential eye drop excipient for the therapy of dry eye disease.

scholarly journals Tear film osmolarity and dry eye disease: a review of the literature

2015 ◽  
pp. 2039 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Potvin ◽  
Sarah Makari ◽  
Christopher Rapuano
Keyword(s):  
Dry Eye ◽  
Tear Film ◽  
Dry Eye Disease ◽  
Eye Disease ◽  
Review Of The Literature

scholarly journals Evaluation of Objective Signs and Subjective Symptoms of Dry Eye Disease in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zsolt Barta ◽  
Levente Czompa ◽  
Aniko Rentka ◽  
Eva Zold ◽  
Judit Remenyik ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Bowel Disease ◽  
Dry Eye ◽  
Bowel Disease ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Tear Film ◽  
Dry Eye Disease ◽  
Eye Disease ◽  
Subjective Symptoms ◽  
Ocular Surface Disease Index ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel

Aim. To evaluate tear film parameters and relationship of objective clinical signs and subjective symptoms of dry eye disease (DED) in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) subgroups. Methods. 39 patients with Crohn’s disease (CD), 26 patients with ulcerative colitis (UC), and 39 control persons with no ocular symptoms or surface disorders were included in this prospective, case-control, and cross-sectional study. The ocular surface disease index (OSDI) questionnaire was applied to evaluate dry eye symptoms, and objective tests of DED were performed on both eyes of each subject. Results. The average of OSDI scores was 30.59 (±16.68) in CD patients, 24.67 (±23.48) in UC patients, and 11.19 (±5.8) in controls. Except for tear film breakup time (tBUT) and Schirmer-I values other objective parameters were better in UC patients, than in CD patients. CD patients rather than UC patients tend to develop DED. This was associated with immunosuppressant and TNF-α inhibitor use. Conclusions. Clinicians must be aware of the spectrum of DED involvement in IBD and suggest using artificial tears in order to decrease severity of ocular complications.

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