Applications of Nanoemulsion for the Wound-Healing Process

Attention to nanoemulsions has significantly grown in recent years as a result of their unique features like better stability, special appearance, higher performance, and sensorial merits. Chronic injuries are the consequence of a disturbance in the extremely coordinated cataract of wound healing actions. Nevertheless, correlated with variations in the timescales of various physical methods embroiled in tissue renewal, the aggression of the tumor microenvironment, rich in decaying enzymes, as well as its increased pH, demands the use of efficient drug delivery applications. This chapter summarizes that the various stages of wound healing include four phases: hemostatic stage, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling process, respectively. Moreover, the major reported classes of lipid-based elements were either vesicular (liposome, permeation increased vesicle, etc.), emulsion-based behavior (nano-emulsion and micro-emulsion), or comprise a solid-based liquid matrix in the wound-healing process.

Therapeutic Effects of Fenofibrate Nano-Emulsion Eye Drops on Retinal Vascular Leakage and Neovascularization

Macular edema caused by retinal vascular leakage and ocular neovascularization are the leading causes of severe vision loss in diabetic retinopathy (DR) and age-related macular degeneration (AMD) patients. Oral administration of fenofibrate, a PPARα agonist, has shown therapeutic effects on macular edema and retinal neovascularization in diabetic patients. To improve the drug delivery to the retina and its efficacy, we have developed a nano-emulsion-based fenofibrate eye drop formulation that delivered significantly higher amounts of the drug to the retina compared to the systemic administration, as measured by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometer (LC-MS). The fenofibrate eye drop decreased leukocytes adherent to retinal vasculature and attenuated overexpression of multiple inflammatory factors in the retina of very low-density lipoprotein receptor knockout (Vldlr−/−) mice, a model manifesting AMD phenotypes, and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. The fenofibrate eye drop also reduced retinal vascular leakage in these models. The laser-induced choroidal neovascularization was also alleviated by the fenofibrate eye drop. There were no detectable ocular toxicities associated with the fenofibrate eye drop treatment. These findings suggest that fenofibrate can be delivered efficiently to the retina through topical administration of the nano-emulsion eye drop, which has therapeutic potential for macular edema and neovascularization.

Nanoparticles as Alternatives for the Control of Haemonchus contortus: A Systematic Approach to Unveil New Anti-haemonchiasis Agents

Haemonchus contortus is an infectious gastrointestinal nematode parasite of small ruminants. This study addresses the in vitro/in vivo anti-haemonchiasis potential, toxicological effects, and mechanism of action of nanoparticles. Online databases were used to search and retrieve the published literature (2000 to 2021). A total of 18 articles were selected and reviewed, out of which, 13 (72.2%) studies reported in vitro, 9 (50.0%) in vivo, and 4 (22.2%) both in vitro/in vivo efficacy of different nanoparticles. Mostly, organic nanoparticles (77.7%) were used including polymeric (85.7%) and lipid nanoparticles (14.3%). The highest efficacy, in vitro, of 100% resulted from using encapsulated bromelain against eggs, larvae, and adult worm mortality at 4, 2, and 1 mg/ml, respectively. While in vivo, encapsulated Eucalyptus staigeriana oil reduced worm burden by 83.75% and encapsulated Cymbopogon citratus nano-emulsion by 83.1%. Encapsulated bromelain, encapsulated Eucalyptus staigeriana oil, and encapsulated Cymbopogon citratus nano-emulsion were safe and non-toxic in vivo. Encapsulated bromelain damaged the cuticle, caused paralysis, and death. Nanoparticles could be a potential source for developing novel anthelmintic drugs to overcome the emerging issue of anthelmintic resistance in H. contortus. Studies on molecular effects, toxicological consequences, and different pharmacological targets of nanoparticles are required in future research.

Preparation of O/W nano-emulsion containing nettle and fenugreek extract and cumin essential oil for evaluating antidiabetic properties

The oil-in-water (O/W) nano-emulsion (NE) is expanded to enhance the bioavailability of hydrophobic compounds. The NE can be prepared by herbal extract and essential oil as herbal medicines for antidiabetic treatment. In the present study, the O/W NE was prepared by fenugreek extract (FE), nettle extract (NE), and cumin essential oil (CEO) using tween 80 and span 80 surfactants in an ultrasonic bath, at room temperature within 18 min. The antidiabetic property was evaluated by determining glucose absorption using cultured rat L6 myoblast cell line (L6) myotubes and insulin secretion using the cultured mouse pancreatic beta-cell (RIN-5) for NEs. The samples were investigated by dynamic light scattering (DLS) to examine the size distribution and size, zeta potential for the charge determination, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to investigate morphology and size. The rheological properties were studied by viscosity. The sample stability was evaluated at different temperatures and days by DLS and SEM analyses. The cytotoxicity of samples was explored by MTT assay for HEK293 human cell line as a specific cell line originally derived from human embryonic kidney cells at three different concentrations for three periods of time. The NEs with nanometer-size were observed with antidiabetic properties, low cytotoxicity, and suitable stability. This study provides definitive evidence for the NE as a plant medicine with antidiabetic properties. The NE can be a good candidate for biomedical applications.

Formulation and Evaluation of Solid Self Nano Emulsifying drug delivery System of Olanzapine to Enhance Aqueous Solubility and Dissolution Rate

Present research work was aimed to enhance aqueous solubility and dissolution rate of olanzapine by solid self nano emulsifying drug delivery system(S-SNEDDS). Olanzapine is a BCS class II drug having 65% oral bioavailability; it is used in the treatment of psychosis, depression and mania conditions. Oils, Surfactants, Co surfactants were selected depending upon the saturated solubility of olanzapine in those components; excipients were screened depending on olanzapine solubility in various oils, surfactants and co surfactants. Surfactant: co surfactant {Smix} ratios i.e., 3:1 and 4:1 were prepared to determine nano emulsion regions and also to formulate liquid self nano emulsifying drug delivery system (L-SNEDDS). Pseudo ternary phase diagram were plotted by using Triplot version 4.1.2 software, nano emulsion region was determined and evaluated. Formulations were designed based on saturated solubility of olanzapine and Pseudo ternary phase diagram using various ratios of oils [Capryol 90], surfactants [Kolliphor EL], co surfactants [Lauroglycol 90] depending on its solubility and nano emulsion formation four formulations were developed which are further selected for characterisation of L-SNEDDS like robustness to dilution, self emulsification, determination of droplet size, PDI, Drug loading efficacy, zeta potential and also Invitro drug release. Among those four formulations, F1 (SB184J 4:6) was optimum because compared to other three formulations F3 gave best results in terms of droplet size (66nm) with PDI (0.24), Invitro drug release, dissolution rate of F1 SNEDDS having (88.201± 0.25%). Invitro drug release of F1 formulation was compared with that of Olanzapine [API] (45.281± 0.52%) the results indicating that there is a increase in solubility and dissolution rate of olanzapine by 2.2 times more compared to pure olanzapine (API). F1 (SB184J 4:6) were converted into S-SNEDDS by adsorption process by addition porous carriers (Aerosil 200). Formulated S-SNEDDS were undergone various evaluation parameters and also reconstitution parameters to determine Droplet size and Invitro drug release of solid F1 (SB184J4:6) formulation. The results of present study demonstrates that olanzapine SNEDDS has an ability and potential to enhance solubility and dissolution rate.