scholarly journals The Emergence of New Rotavirus Strains in America

2021 ◽  
pp. 46-62
Author(s):  
Lurys Bourdett-Stanziola ◽  
Edwing Centeno ◽  
Manuel Cuevas-Abrego ◽  
Armando A. Durant-Archibold ◽  
Eduardo Ortega-Barría ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Latin American ◽  
Central American ◽  
Interspecies Transmission ◽  
Rotavirus Vaccine ◽  
Infectious Diarrhea ◽  
Human Rotavirus ◽  
Latin American Region ◽  
Common Causes ◽  
Latin American Countries ◽  
Rotavirus Infections

Rotavirus infections are the most common causes of infectious diarrhea in young children and animal worldwide. In some countries in Latin American specifically in Central American and Caribbean countries, rotavirus infections are not subject to specific surveillance. This review is about the unusually strains detected and potential zoonotic of rotavirus in Latin American. Although, interspecies transmission has not been documented to occur directly, an increase of the number of reports of atypical rotavirus genotypes; apparently derived from transmission between animal of farm, domestic and wild with humans, has been reported in some Latin American countries and the world. We consider that the rapid increase in the detection of new unusual strains with genetic heterogeneity, raises interesting questions about the evolution of rotavirus in The Latin American region. The emergence of novel strains derived from interspecies transmission has implications for the design and implementation of successful human rotavirus vaccine strategies.

scholarly journals CCHD Screening Implementation Efforts in Latin American Countries by the Ibero American Society of Neonatology (SIBEN)

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Augusto Sola ◽  
Susana Rodríguez ◽  
Alejandro Young ◽  
Lourdes Lemus Varela ◽  
Ramón Mir Villamayor ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Significant Progress ◽  
Neonatal Nurses ◽  
Improved Outcomes ◽  
Common Causes ◽  
American Society ◽  
Latin American Countries ◽  
Pulse Oximetry Screening

Congenital heart disease (CHD) is among the four most common causes of infant mortality in Latin America. Pulse oximetry screening (POS) is useful for early diagnosis and improved outcomes of critical CHD. Here, we describe POS implementation efforts in Latin American countries guided and/or coordinated by the Ibero American Society of Neonatology (SIBEN), as well as the unique challenges that are faced for universal implementation. SIBEN collaborates to improve the neonatal quality of care and outcomes. A few years ago, a Clinical Consensus on POS was finalized. Since then, we have participated in 12 Latin American countries to educate neonatal nurses and neonatologists on POS and to help with its implementation. The findings reveal that despite wide disparities in care that exist between and within countries, and the difficulties and challenges in implementing POS, significant progress has been made. We conclude that universal POS is not easy to implement in Latin America but, when executed, has not only been of significant value for babies with CHD, but also for many with other hypoxemic conditions. The successful and universal implementation of POS in the future is essential for reducing the mortality associated with CHD and other hypoxemic conditions and will ultimately lead to the survival of many more Latin American babies. POS saves newborns’ lives in Latin America.

scholarly journals Economic Integration In The Americas: 1975-1992

2011 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
George Garman ◽  
Janis Petersen ◽  
Debora Gilliard
Keyword(s):  
Latin American ◽  
Economic Integration ◽  
Trade Flows ◽  
Central American ◽  
Infrastructure Development ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Economic Distance ◽  
Two Phases ◽  
Latin American Countries ◽  
Latin American And Caribbean

<span>Latin American countries renewed their interest in regional trading blocs during the 1980s. According to Salgado, this renewed interest took the form of two phases: 1984-87, and from 1986 on. This paper uses a gravity equation to examine Latin American and Caribbean trade flows to ascertain the effectiveness of the Central American Common Market, Andean Pack and Latin American Integration Association, and to identify the factors affecting Latin American integration. Geographic distances are adjusted for the level of infrastructure development in an attempt to better proxy economic distance. A Chow Test is used to test for Salgados two phases.</span>

Changing Labour Market Indicators and the Rate of Economic Growth in Latin America during the 2000s

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guillermo Cruces ◽  
Gary S. Fields ◽  
David Jaume ◽  
Mariana Viollaz
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
General Pattern ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
International Crisis ◽  
Poverty And Inequality ◽  
Latin American Region ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Latin American Countries

The Latin American region exhibited an increase in gross domestic product per capita during the 2000s, an improvement in all employment and earnings indicators, and poverty and inequality reductions. On a country-by-country basis, all Latin American countries exhibited positive GDP per capita growth rates during the 2000s. Most countries experienced substantial improvements in labour market conditions over the period, Honduras being the only exception to this general pattern. Finally, the growth rates of most countries in the region were negatively affected by the international crisis of 2008, which also affected several labour market indicators in the worsening direction. Most labour market indicators had fully or partially recovered by 2012–13.

scholarly journals Economic Ideas and North-South Preferential Trade Agreements in the Americas

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 34
Author(s):  
Nicolás Pose
Keyword(s):  
Latin American ◽  
Trade Agreements ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Preferential Trade Agreements ◽  
Costs And Benefits ◽  
Preferential Trade ◽  
Latin American Region ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Latin American Countries ◽  
Gain Access

North-South Preferential Trade Agreements (PTAs) are an intensified version of the Uruguay round’s bargain, in which developing countries gain access to developed countries’ markets, expecting increase in inflows of foreign direct investment, but see their ‘policy space’ reduced (Shadlen, 2005). Focusing on United States’ PTAs in the Latin American region, this article seeks to answer why some Latin American countries found this bargain attractive while others did not. I argue that modern PTAs generate uncertainty over their costs and benefits, because there are not standardized tools to estimate the impact of the ‘trade-related’ provisions they include. As a result, policymakers turn to their general ideas about economic development, which assign different meanings to them, producing differing decisions. Empirically, it is shown that the argument complements previous explanations based on structural and societal variables.

scholarly journals The Central American Court of Justice (1907-1918): Rethinking the Word’s First Court

2017 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 47
Author(s):  
Charles Ripley
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Central American ◽  
Controversial Issues ◽  
International Treaty ◽  
Court Of Justice ◽  
State Relations ◽  
State Cooperation ◽  
Latin American Countries ◽  
Historical Consideration

The Central American Court of Justice (CACJ) (1907-1918) was created with the goal of minimizing conflict between the five republics: El Salvador, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Nicaragua, and Honduras. The CACJ, however, has attracted scant scholarly attention.  Nonetheless, the Court is academically significant and historically relevant.  The CACJ was not only the world’s first supranational body to which states would suspend their sovereignty and submit all complaints, but also evidence that international organizations could facilitate state cooperation and create peace.  Addressing the gap in the literature through extensive archival research, this study finds the following.  First, the Court played an instrumental role in mediating regional peace and averting war between the republics.  Second, it addressed controversial issues concerning state relations such as non-intervention, the law of the sea, and international treaty obligations.  Third, due to the Court’s profound legal work, it still continues to have the potential to contribute to international law and institutions.  Finally, although Washington played a significant role in the Court’s rise and demise, the Court demonstrates the ability of Latin American countries to address their own regional issues.  As a result, the CACJ is a valuable underexplored subject that merits historical consideration.

E-Government in Latin American Cities

2011 ◽  
pp. 226-246
Author(s):  
Marc Holzer ◽  
Tony Carrizales ◽  
Richard Schwester
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Citizen Participation ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Index Score ◽  
Privacy And Security ◽  
Latin American Region ◽  
Digital Governance ◽  
American Cities ◽  
Latin American Countries ◽  
American Region

This chapter examines e-government practices in Latin American cities. Emphasis is placed on five areas: privacy and security, usability, content, services, and citizen participation. In Digital Governance in Municipalities Worldwide, Holzer and Kim (2004) evaluated e-government in the largest municipality in each of 100 countries. Included in this study were the largest cities in 15 Latin American countries. This chapter focuses on these 15 cities, highlighting those that received the highest overall index score. In addition, five cities with above-average scores in the five e-government component areas are assessed. Although this chapter does not take into consideration all e-government practices in Latin America, it does provide benchmark cases for cities in the Latin American region.

The Tlatelolco regime and nonproliferation in Latin America

1981 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 103-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
John R. Redick
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Latin America ◽  
Latin American ◽  
The United States ◽  
Careful Consideration ◽  
Free Zone ◽  
Legal Traditions ◽  
American States ◽  
Latin American Region ◽  
Latin American Countries

The regime established by the Treaty of Tlatelolco is supportive of peace and security in the Latin American region and global nonproliferation efforts. Circumstances leading to the creation of the nuclear-weapon-free zone include careful preparations and negotiations, individual leadership, existence of certain shared cultural and legal traditions of Latin American countries, and the temporary stimulus of the Cuban missile crisis. Lack of overt superpower pressure on Latin America, compared with more turbulent regions, has permitted continued progress toward full realization of the zone. Tlatelolco's negotiating process, as well as the substance of the Treaty, deserve careful consideration relative to other areas.The Treaty enjoys wide international approval, but full support by certain Latin American States (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Cuba) has been negatively affected by the failure of the U.S. Senate to ratify Tlatelolco's Protocol I. Nuclear programs of Argentina, Brazil, and Mexico are expanding rapidly and these nations are forming linkages with West European countries, rather than the United States. The May 1980 Argentine-Brazilian nuclear agreement foresees significant cooperation between the two nation's nuclear energy commissions and more coordinated resistance to the nuclear supplier countries. Argentine-Brazilian nuclear convergence—and the response accorded to it by the United States will have significant implications for the future of the Tlatelolco regime and nonproliferation in Latin America.

scholarly journals Identification of pathogenic genes in Campylobacter jejuni isolated from broiler carcasses and broiler slaughterhouses

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuli Melisa Sierra-Arguello ◽  
Gustavo Perdoncini ◽  
Laura Beatriz Rodrigues ◽  
Luciana Ruschel dos Santos ◽  
Karen Apellanis Borges ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Campylobacter Jejuni ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Foodborne Diseases ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
Virulence Markers ◽  
Pathogenic Genes ◽  
Common Causes ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Latin American Countries ◽  
Insight Into

AbstractCampylobacter jejuni is one of the most common causes of foodborne diseases worldwide. There are few reports on Campylobacter strains isolated from Latin-American countries. Here, 140 C. jejuni strains isolated from cloacal and transport boxes swabs, water from chiller tanks, and broiler carcasses of five poultry companies in Southern Brazil were identified using phenotypic and genotypic methods. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to analyze eight C. jejuni virulence markers: flaA, cadF, and invasion-associated (iam) genes, cdtABC operon (associated with the cytolethal distending toxin), and plasmidial virB11 and wlaN genes were present in 78.5%, 77.8%, 0%, 74.2%, 22.1%, and 10.7% of samples, respectively. There were 25 different virulence profiles: 1 (cdtA, cdtB, cdtC, flaA, and cadF), 2 (cdtA, cdtB, cdtC, flaA, cadF, and virB11), and 3 (cdtA, cdtB, cdtC, flaA, cadF, and wlaN) were the most common (> 60% of strains). We provide insight into factors related to the occurrence of this pathogen and their epidemiology.

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