scholarly journals Utilization of Modified Zeolite as Catalyst for Steam Gasification of Palm Kernel Shell

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 623-631
Author(s):  
Joko Waluyo ◽  
Petric Marc Ruya ◽  
Dwi Hantoko ◽  
Jenny Rizkiana ◽  
I.G.B.N. Makertihartha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Palm Kernel ◽  
Acid Leaching ◽  
Steam Gasification ◽  
Zeolite Catalysts ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Palm Kernel Shell ◽  
Gasification Process ◽  
Biomass Ratio ◽  
Tar Cracking ◽  
Palm Kernel Shells

Syngas from biomass gasification is being developed for alternative feedstock in the chemical industry. Palm kernel shell which is generated from palm oil industry can be potentially used as raw material for gasification process. The purpose of this study was to investigate the use of modified natural zeolite catalysts in steam gasification of palm kernel shells. Mordenite type zeolite was modified by acid leaching to be used as a tar cracking catalyst. Steam gasification was conducted at the temperature range of 750–850 °C and the steam to biomass ratio was in the range of 0–2.25. The result showed that steam gasification of palm kernel shell with the addition of zeolite catalyst at 750 °C and steam to biomass ratio 2.25 could reduce tar content up to 98% or became 0.7 g/Nm3. In this study, gasification of palm kernel shells produced syngas with the hydrogen concentration in the range of 52–64% and H2/CO ratio of 2.7–5.7. Copyright © 2021 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0). 

scholarly journals Thermodynamic Study of Palm Kernel Shell Gasification for Aggregate Heating in an Asphalt Mixing Plant

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 311-317
Author(s):  
Firman Asto Putro ◽  
Sunu Herwi Pranolo ◽  
Joko Waluyo ◽  
Ary Setyawan
Keyword(s):  
Thermodynamic Model ◽  
Fixed Bed ◽  
Palm Kernel ◽  
Production Plant ◽  
Palm Kernel Shell ◽  
Gasification Process ◽  
Combustible Gas ◽  
Maximum Root ◽  
Mean Square Errors ◽  
Palm Kernel Shells

This study evaluated thermodynamically the performance of conversion of palm kernel shells into combustible gas through gasification technology for aggregate heating in a hot-mixed asphalt production plant by developing a thermodynamic model using licensed Aspen Plus v.11 software. The effects of the equivalence ratio (ER) in the gasification process and the amount of combustion air to combustible gas to attain the required aggregate temperature were investigated. The thermodynamic model showed a good agreement with the experimental results based H2 and CO contain in producer gas which provided by maximum root mean square errors value of 8.82 and 6.42 respectively. Gasification of 30–35 kg of palm kernel shells in a fixed-bed gasifier reactor using air as a gasifying agent at an ER of 0.325–0.350 generated gaseous fuel for heating 1 ton of aggregate to a temperature of 180–200°C with combustion excess air 10%–20%. ©2020. CBIORE-IJRED. All rights reserved

scholarly journals Effect of Water Cement Ratios on Compressive Strength of Palm Kernel Shell Concrete

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (Issue 1) ◽  
Author(s):  
A.O Adeyemi ◽  
M.A Anifowose ◽  
I.O Amototo ◽  
S.A Adebara ◽  
M.Y Olawuyi
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Coarse Aggregate ◽  
Fresh Concrete ◽  
Palm Kernel ◽  
Hardened Concrete ◽  
Cement Ratio ◽  
Water Cement Ratio ◽  
Palm Kernel Shell ◽  
Compressive Strength Of Concrete ◽  
Palm Kernel Shells

This study examined the effect of varying water cement ratio on the compressive strength of concrete produced using palm kernel shell (PKS) as coarse aggregate at different replacement levels. The replacement levels of coarse aggregate with palm kernel shells (PKS) were 0%, 25%, 50%, and 100% respectively. PKS concrete cubes (144 specimens) of sizes 150mm x 150mm x 150mm were cast and cured in water for 7, 14, 21 and 28 days respectively. A mix ratio of 1:2:4 was adopted with water-cement ratio of 0.45, 0.5, and 0.6 respectively while the batching was done by weight. Slump test was conducted on fresh concrete while compressive strength test was carried out on the hardened concrete cubes using a compression testing machine of 2000kN capacity. The result of tests on fresh concrete shows that the slump height of 0.45 water cement ratio (w/c) increases with an increase in PKS%. This trend was similar to 0.50 and 0.60 w/c. However, the compressive strength of concrete cube decreases with an increase in w/c (from 0.45 to 0.60) but increases with respect to curing age and also decreases with increase in PKS%. Concrete with 0.45 water-cement ratio possess the highest compressive strength. It was observed that PKS is not a good substitute for coarse aggregate in mix ratio 1:2:4 for concrete productions. Hence, the study suggest the use of chemical admixture such as superplasticizer or calcium chloride in order to improve the strength of palm kernel shells-concrete.

scholarly journals Hydrogen Production From Steam Gasification of Palm Kernel Shell Using Sequential Impregnation Bimetallic Catalysts

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
pp. 58-62
Author(s):  
Anita Ramli ◽  
Siti Eda Eliana Misi ◽  
Mas Fatiha Mohamad ◽  
Suzana Yusup
Keyword(s):  
Catalytic Activity ◽  
Fixed Bed ◽  
Palm Kernel ◽  
Steam Gasification ◽  
Impregnation Method ◽  
Ni Catalysts ◽  
Palm Kernel Shell ◽  
Calcination Temperatures ◽  
Zeolite Β ◽  
Metal Addition

Zeolite β supported bimetallic Fe and Ni catalysts have been prepared using sequential impregnation method and calcined at temperatures between 500-700 ºC. The catalytic activity of these catalysts in a steam gasification of palm kernel shell was tested in a fixed-bed quartz micro-reactor at 700 ºC. Both Fe and Ni active metals present in FeNi/BEA and NiFe/BEA catalysts are corresponding to Fe2O3 and NiO. Different calcination temperatures and different sequence in metal addition have a significant effect to the catalytic activity where FeNi/BEA (700) shows the highest hydrogen produced than other catalysts.

scholarly journals The initiation stage of Food Court Waste during air versus steam gasification processes

2019 ◽  
Vol 112 ◽  
pp. 01018
Author(s):  
Raluca Nicoleta Tîrtea ◽  
Cora Bulmău ◽  
Gabriela Ionescu ◽  
Cosmin Mărculescu
Keyword(s):  
Process Parameters ◽  
Atmospheric Pressure ◽  
Batch Reactor ◽  
Steam Gasification ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Process Temperature ◽  
Gasification Process ◽  
Biomass Ratio ◽  
Initiation Stage

Using different gasification agents: air and steam, two types of gasification process were performed into a batch reactor at temperature of 750°C and 850°C and atmospheric pressure. The only difference between of the two compared experimental configurations was represented by the gasification agent used in the process. The amount of oxygen introduced into the reactor for air gasification at an ER of 0.3 was computed. Therefore, in the steam gasification process, the same amount of oxygen was introduced, so establishing an unordinary steam to biomass ratio. In this way, the two processes, air vs. steam gasification, were compared, the rest of the process parameters being kept constant. This paper approaches the transitory regimes (initiation stage) of gasification process in order to observe the influence of process temperature and gasification agent on the process run. According to the experimental results, better gas quality is obtained if steam is used as a gasifying agent, yet the conversion and energy efficiencies decreases. By optimizing time residence in steam gasification, process efficiencies may be increased.

scholarly journals INCREASED PRODUCTIVITY OF LIQUID SMOKE THROUGH FAST THAWING WITH REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS AT LOW AIR TEMPERATURE

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Baiti Hidayati ◽  
Riman Sipahutar ◽  
Irwin Bizzy ◽  
Muhammad Faizal
Keyword(s):  
Air Temperature ◽  
Palm Kernel ◽  
Chemical Compounds ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Condensation Process ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Palm Kernel Shell ◽  
Liquid Smoke ◽  
Cabin Temperature ◽  
The Impact

Liquid smoke increased in demand by the community because it is made from environmentally friendly waste can directly reduce the impact of environmental pollution. The smoke condensing process that is carried out conventionally using water can be continuously replaced using a refrigeration system, the smoke condensation process can be carried out using controlled low-temperature air, this can minimize machine space and energy. In this study, an analysis of variations in air temperature will be carried out to maximize the productivity of liquid smoke. The raw material for palm kernel shell is -4 + 5 mesh with cabin temperature variations of 15-10°C, 10-5°C, and 5-0°C and pyrolysis temperature of 300-400°C. Based on the research results obtained maximum results at a temperature of 5-0°C with 23.6% liquid smoke, 3.7% tar, 63.8% charcoal, and 8.9% gas. Based on the test results of chemical compounds, liquid smoke has an average phenol value of 56.59%. The lower the air temperature used to condense the smoke, the maximum liquid smoke will be and the less gas escapes to the air. It can directly reduce air pollution in the process of making liquid smoke.

scholarly journals Selective Reduction of Southeast Sulawesi Nickel Laterite using Palm Kernel Shell Charcoal: Kinetic Studies with Addition of Na2SO4 and NaCl as Additives

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 501-513 ◽  
Author(s):  
Achmad Shofi ◽  
Yayat Iman Supriyatna ◽  
Agus Budi Prasetyo
Keyword(s):  
Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽  
Palm Kernel ◽  
Selective Reduction ◽  
Reduction Process ◽  
Kinetic Studies ◽  
Exothermic Peak ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Gravimetric Analysis ◽  
Palm Kernel Shell ◽  
Isothermal Reduction

The aim of the reduction process is to concentrate nickel at high temperatures with a certain carbonaceous material as a reducing agent. The use of chemicals like Na2SO4 and NaCl in the reduction process can increase the content and recovery of nickel in ferronickel concentrates. A selective reduction of laterite nickel was carried out in a non-isothermal and an isothermal using palm kernel shell charcoal as a reductant and with Na2SO4 and NaCl as additives. Firstly, the raw material is made into a pellet and dried in an oven at 100 °C for two hours. The pellets are weighed before and after the reduction process. The non-isothermal reduction process used the Thermal Gravimetric Analysis (TGA) method from a temperature of 100 to 1300 °C, with a heat rate of 10 °C per minute. The isothermal reduction at temperatures 500, 600, 700, 950, 1050, and 1150 °C occurred with a reduction time of 30, 60, and 90 minutes. The analysis is Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP) to determine the content of nickel and iron from the reduction process, X-ray Diffraction (XRD) to see changes in the phases formed after the selective reduction process, and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM-EDX) for viewing the microstructure of the phase. The Differential Thermal Analyzer-Temperature Gravimetric Analysis (DTA-TGA) results show the endothermic at 256 °C, and the exothermic peak at 935 °C with a total mass loss of 42.15% at 1238 °C. The shrinking core model was used for the kinetic studies of the reduction process. The closest kinetic model to the experimental results is the Ginstling-Brounshtein model, with an activation energy value of 8.73 kcal/mol. Copyright © 2020 BCREC Group. All rights reserved 

Bimetallic Fe-Ni/Zeolite β Catalysts for Hydrogen Generation from Steam Gasification of Palm Kernel Shell

2014 ◽  
Vol 925 ◽  
pp. 313-317
Author(s):  
Anita Ramli ◽  
Siti Eda Eliana Misi ◽  
Mas Fatiha Mohamad ◽  
Suzana Yusup
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Generation ◽  
Fixed Bed ◽  
Palm Kernel ◽  
Textural Properties ◽  
Lower Surface ◽  
Steam Gasification ◽  
Impregnation Method ◽  
Palm Kernel Shell ◽  
Calcination Temperatures ◽  
Zeolite Β

In this study, the potential usage of PKS as a direct source for hydrogen production is being explored in the presence of bimetallic Fe-Ni/Zeolite β (BEA) catalyst. The catalyst was prepared by co-impregnation method and calcined at temperatures between 500-700 oC to study the effect of calcination temperatures on the gas compositions from steam gasification of PKS. The textural properties and crystalline phase present were characterized using BET and X-Ray Diffraction. The catalysts were tested in steam gasification of PKS in a fixed-bed microreactor at 700 oC using 0.3 g catalyst and 0.9 g PKS. The steam to PKS ratio was 4:1 (vol) while steam to Ar ratio was 1:6 (vol.). The Fe-Ni/BEA catalysts possess lower surface area, higher pore volume and larger pore diameter as compared to the bare BEACalcination temperature is found to contribute to the crystallization of the prepared catalysts where high crystallization of Fe and Ni was observed in Fe-Ni/BEA (700) catalyst with the formation of NiO and NiFe2O4 phase. Fe-Ni/BEA (700) shows the highest composition of H2 gas produced with 76.32 vol% H2, 18.72 vol% CO2, 4.96 vol% CO and the absence of CH4. This shows that the steam gasification of PKS in the presence of Fe-Ni/BEA (700) has a potential to replace the commercial H2 production via methane reforming process.

scholarly journals Investigating the Performance of Palm Kernel Shells and Periwinkle Shells as Coarse Aggregates in Concrete

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
O.J Oladiran ◽  
D.R Simeon ◽  
O.A Olatunde
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Lightweight Concrete ◽  
Palm Kernel ◽  
Specific Area ◽  
Light Weight ◽  
Palm Kernel Shell ◽  
Coarse Aggregates ◽  
Palm Kernel Shells ◽  
Periwinkle Shell

Excessive usage of materials is causing fast depletion of natural stone deposit. This study therefore investigates the performance of palm kernel shells (PKS) and periwinkle shells (PS) as alternatives coarse aggregates in concrete. Forty cubes and 40 cylinders each were produced with PKS and PS as replacement materials for granite. Series of tests were conducted to determine their performances. The results showed that, compressive and tensile strengths decrease as PKS and PS content increases, which allow specific area to increase, thus requiring more cement paste to bond effectively with the shells. The result also revealed that for all curing ages, palm kernel shell concrete (PKSC) have lower compressive strength and tensile strength than periwinkle shell concrete (PSC). The compressive strength and tensile strength of the 28-day PKSC with 100% replacement were 4.33 N/mm2 and 3.68 N/mm2 respectively; that of PSC at 100% replacement were 5.89 N/mm2 and 4.95 N/mm2 respectively; and granite concrete without any replacement were 25.11 N/mm2 and 11.74 N/mm2 respectively. It is concluded that both PKSC and PSC satisfied the compressive strength and tensile strength requirement of light weight concrete, although PS has better gradation and bonding to cement than PKS. This implies that PS is best suited as replacement for granite in lightweight concrete than PKS. It is recommended that the mix-ratio should be altered to get higher values of compressive strength; and both PKS and PS should be used for lightweight concretes.

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