INCREASED PRODUCTIVITY OF LIQUID SMOKE THROUGH FAST THAWING WITH REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS AT LOW AIR TEMPERATURE

Liquid smoke increased in demand by the community because it is made from environmentally friendly waste can directly reduce the impact of environmental pollution. The smoke condensing process that is carried out conventionally using water can be continuously replaced using a refrigeration system, the smoke condensation process can be carried out using controlled low-temperature air, this can minimize machine space and energy. In this study, an analysis of variations in air temperature will be carried out to maximize the productivity of liquid smoke. The raw material for palm kernel shell is -4 + 5 mesh with cabin temperature variations of 15-10°C, 10-5°C, and 5-0°C and pyrolysis temperature of 300-400°C. Based on the research results obtained maximum results at a temperature of 5-0°C with 23.6% liquid smoke, 3.7% tar, 63.8% charcoal, and 8.9% gas. Based on the test results of chemical compounds, liquid smoke has an average phenol value of 56.59%. The lower the air temperature used to condense the smoke, the maximum liquid smoke will be and the less gas escapes to the air. It can directly reduce air pollution in the process of making liquid smoke.

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Physico-Mechanical, Morphological Properties of Polyvinyl Alcohol/Palm Kernel Shell/Coconut Kernel Shell Elastomeric Polymer Nanocomposites

Journal of Applied Science & Process Engineering ◽

10.33736/jaspe.951.2018 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 5 (2) ◽

pp. 296-303

Author(s):

Josephine Chang Hui Lai ◽

Nor Liyana Yusof

Keyword(s):

Polyvinyl Alcohol ◽

Polymer Nanocomposites ◽

Moisture Absorption ◽

Palm Kernel ◽

Morphological Properties ◽

Test Results ◽

Casting Method ◽

Palm Kernel Shell ◽

Coconut Kernel ◽

Solution Casting Method

In this study, the physico-mechanical and morphological properties of polyvinyl alcohol/palm kernel shell/coconut kernel shell elastomeric polymer nanocomposites (PVA/PKS/CKS EPNCs) were investigated. PVA/PKS/CKS EPNCs were prepared via solution casting method and the properties of the elastomeric polymer nanocomposites were characterized through Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), tensile testing and moisture absorption test. Test results showed that increasing the PVA content increased the mechanical properties of elastomeric polymer nanocomposites as well as provided better surface morphology. However, beyond certain percentage of PVA content, the moisture absorption increased too. Therefore, 55wt% of PVA/PKS/CKS EPNCs was chosen as the best elastomeric polymer nanocomposites as it had the best overall properties from the aspect of physico-mechanical, morphological and moisture absorption.

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Condensation of refrigerant R407C in multiport minichannel section

Archives of Thermodynamics ◽

10.1515/aoter-2016-0024 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 37 (4) ◽

pp. 3-18

Author(s):

Tadeusz Bohdal ◽

Henryk Charun ◽

Małgorzata Sikora

Keyword(s):

Heat Transfer ◽

Heat Exchangers ◽

Flow Resistance ◽

State Of The Art ◽

Condensation Process ◽

Test Results ◽

Pressure Drops ◽

The Impact ◽

Made In

AbstractAnalysis of the state of-the-art in research of refrigerant condensation in miniature heat exchangers, so-called multiports, was made. Results of refrigerant R407C condensation in a mini condenser made in the form of two bundles of tubular minichannels from stainless steel with an inside diameter 0.64 mm and length 100 mm have been presented. Two exchangers consisted of four minichannels and 8 minichannels have been investigated. The values of average heat transfer coefficient and frictional pressure drops throughout the condensation process were designated. The impact of the vapor quality of refrigerant and the mass flux density on the intensity of heat transfer and flow resistance were illustrated. A comparative analysis of test results for various refrigerants in both mini heat exchangers were made.

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Selective Reduction of Southeast Sulawesi Nickel Laterite using Palm Kernel Shell Charcoal: Kinetic Studies with Addition of Na2SO4 and NaCl as Additives

BULLETIN OF CHEMICAL REACTION ENGINEERING AND CATALYSIS ◽

10.9767/bcrec.15.2.7733.501-513 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 15 (2) ◽

pp. 501-513 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Achmad Shofi ◽

Yayat Iman Supriyatna ◽

Agus Budi Prasetyo

Keyword(s):

Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽

Palm Kernel ◽

Selective Reduction ◽

Reduction Process ◽

Kinetic Studies ◽

Exothermic Peak ◽

Raw Material ◽

Gravimetric Analysis ◽

Palm Kernel Shell ◽

Isothermal Reduction

The aim of the reduction process is to concentrate nickel at high temperatures with a certain carbonaceous material as a reducing agent. The use of chemicals like Na2SO4 and NaCl in the reduction process can increase the content and recovery of nickel in ferronickel concentrates. A selective reduction of laterite nickel was carried out in a non-isothermal and an isothermal using palm kernel shell charcoal as a reductant and with Na2SO4 and NaCl as additives. Firstly, the raw material is made into a pellet and dried in an oven at 100 °C for two hours. The pellets are weighed before and after the reduction process. The non-isothermal reduction process used the Thermal Gravimetric Analysis (TGA) method from a temperature of 100 to 1300 °C, with a heat rate of 10 °C per minute. The isothermal reduction at temperatures 500, 600, 700, 950, 1050, and 1150 °C occurred with a reduction time of 30, 60, and 90 minutes. The analysis is Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP) to determine the content of nickel and iron from the reduction process, X-ray Diffraction (XRD) to see changes in the phases formed after the selective reduction process, and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM-EDX) for viewing the microstructure of the phase. The Differential Thermal Analyzer-Temperature Gravimetric Analysis (DTA-TGA) results show the endothermic at 256 °C, and the exothermic peak at 935 °C with a total mass loss of 42.15% at 1238 °C. The shrinking core model was used for the kinetic studies of the reduction process. The closest kinetic model to the experimental results is the Ginstling-Brounshtein model, with an activation energy value of 8.73 kcal/mol. Copyright © 2020 BCREC Group. All rights reserved

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UTILIZATION OF LIQUID SMOKE FROM OIL PALM KERNEL SHELL TO PRESERVE MACKEREL

RASAYAN Journal of Chemistry ◽

10.31788/rjc.2018.1132090 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 11 (3) ◽

pp. 1120-1125 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

M. Faisal ◽

Asri Gani ◽

Husni

Keyword(s):

Oil Palm ◽

Palm Kernel ◽

Palm Kernel Shell ◽

Liquid Smoke

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Potential of Liquid Smoke from Palm Kernel Shell as Biopreservative to Tuna (Thunnus sp) Fish Protein

Indonesian Food and Nutrition Progress ◽

10.22146/ifnp.24281 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 14 (1) ◽

pp. 59 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Musrowati Lasindrang

Keyword(s):

Palm Kernel ◽

Fish Muscle ◽

Proximate Analysis ◽

Total Protein Content ◽

Total Bacterium ◽

Carbonyl Content ◽

Tuna Fish ◽

Palm Kernel Shell ◽

Liquid Smoke

The purpose of this research was to evaluate the role of liquid smoke of oil palm kernel as “ biopreservative” on the fish during storage toward chemistry/biochemical or microbiological change at to tuna (thunnus sp) fish.This research was carried out in three steps that is: 1) Making liquid smoke with temperature pirolysis 4000C during 90 minutes and liquid smoke fractionation in rank: F1 : liquid temperature 1000C; F2: 101 - 1250C; F3: 126 – 1500C; F4: 151 – 2000C. 2) Proximate analysis of liquid smoke FO and Fraction F2 to tuna fish that analysed with TVB, Total Bacterium, total protein content . The result indicates that the phenol and acid content was more increase with higher fractionation temperature while the carbonyl content was more reduced with higher fractionation temperature. The TVB value for Tuna fish muscle without soaking higher liquid smoke (38.93 mg N/100g and 36.27 mg N/100g) compared to tuna fish muscle of liquid smoke soaking (F0) that is 13.87 mg N/100g and 11.73 mg N/100g and also soaking with F2 fraction muscle tuna 12.27 mg N/100g. Total bacterium (2.67 x 109 cfu/g and 2.10 x 109 cfu / g) compare without soaking liquid smoke (F0) and F2 fraction that is (8.43 x 105cfu/g and 6.23 x 105 cfu /g) and (8.57 x 105 cfu/g and 6.50 x 105 cfu/g).

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Utilization of Waste Palm Kernel Shells and Empty Palm Oil Bunches as Raw Material Production of Liquid Smoke

IOP Conference Series Earth and Environmental Science ◽

10.1088/1755-1315/366/1/012032 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 366 ◽

pp. 012032

Author(s):

L Ni`mah ◽

M F Setiawan ◽

S P Prabowo

Keyword(s):

Palm Oil ◽

Palm Kernel ◽

Raw Material ◽

Material Production ◽

Liquid Smoke ◽

Palm Kernel Shells

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Identification of Compounds Released During Pyrolysis of Palm Kernel Shell (PKS) Using Pyrolysis-GC/MS

REAKTOR ◽

10.14710/reaktor.17.4.185-190 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 17 (4) ◽

pp. 185 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Dieni Mansur ◽

Sabar Pangihutan Simanungkalit

Keyword(s):

Aromatic Compounds ◽

Energy Content ◽

Palm Kernel ◽

Raw Material ◽

Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽

Thermochemical Conversion ◽

Pyrolysis Gas ◽

Palm Kernel Shell ◽

Degradation Temperature ◽

Bio Oil

Pyrolysis is one of thermochemical conversion to convert biomass into bio-oil. The higher energy content in bio-oil suggests its potential as a raw material in the production of energy, bio-fuels, and other chemicals. Pyrolysis of PKS and the chemicals released were studied using pyrolysis–gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) at 400-600°C. Prior to pyrolysis, thermogravimetry experiments were carried out to monitor the degradation temperature of hemicellulose, cellulose, and lignin in the PKS. Degradation of hemicellulose occurred within a temperature range of 150-330°C, whereas the cellulose was degraded in temperatures range between 330-400°C. Degradation of lignin took place within a broad range of temperatures, which reached maximum at temperatures range of 200-500°C. Based on the Py-GC/MS results, pyrolysis of PKS at 400°C produced bio-oil that can be used as biofuel due to its high aromatic compounds but low carboxylic acids contents. Keywords: bio-oil; chemical; palm kernel shell; Py-GC/MS; thermogravimetry .

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Chemical Compound Of Liquid Smoke Derived From Leaf Of Piper betle L And Piper crocatum Ruiz & Pav

SANITAS : Jurnal Teknologi dan Seni Kesehatan ◽

10.36525/sanitas.2018.5 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 35-43

Author(s):

Dodi Irwandi ◽

Ai Emalia Sukmawati ◽

Dian Maria Ulfah

Keyword(s):

Mass Spectrometry ◽

Gas Chromatography ◽

Chemical Compound ◽

Chemical Compounds ◽

Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽

Piper Betle ◽

Test Results ◽

Betel Leaf ◽

Liquid Smoke ◽

Chromatography Mass Spectrometry

Liquid smoke made from green betel leaf (Piper betle L) and red betel leaf (Piper crocatum Ruiz & Pav) has been made by pyrolysis. To determine the allegations of the chemical compounds contained in these two liquid smoke, they were tested by Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) method. Based on the test results it was found that there were 7 suspected compounds in the liquid smoke of green betel leaf and 30 compounds in red betel liquid smoke. The main compounds contained in the liquid smoke of green betel leaf are Isamoxole as the anti-allergic, 5,10-Diethoxy-2,3,7,8-tetrahydro-1H, 6H-dipyrrolo [1,2-a; 1', 2'-d ] Pyrazine as an antifungal and 3,5-Dimethoxyphenol has the potential to be antibacterial while in red betel leaves are 4- (1H-1,3-Benzodiazol-2-yl) phenol and Benzene, 1,2,3-trimethoxy-5- (2 -propenyl) - Bioactivity potential of the two compounds has not been found.

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UJI AKTIVITAS ANTIMIKROBA SERTA ANTIOKSIDAN ASAP CAIR CANGKANG SAWIT (Elaeis gueneensis jack)

Jurnal Riset Kimia ◽

10.25077/jrk.v4i2.135 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 4 (2) ◽

pp. 79

Author(s):

Yefrida ◽

Refilda ◽

Indrawati ◽

Irma Yanti Siregar

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Activity ◽

Antioxidant Activity ◽

Carboxylic Acids ◽

Palm Kernel ◽

Coconut Shell ◽

Natural Preservative ◽

Palm Kernel Shell ◽

Liquid Smoke ◽

Dpph Method ◽

Many Sources

ABSTRACT Liquid smoke is one of natural preservative. It can make from many sources such as coconut shell, wood, etc. In this study, it is made from the palm kernel shell (Elaeis gueneensis jack) by using pirolysis method. Its contains is determined by GC-MS, while antimicrobial activity by Kirby-Bauer method and antioxidant activity by DPPH method. From the test, it can be concluded that this liquid smoke contains carboxylic acids, fenol and its derivative compound as a major component and has a good enough antimicrobial and antioxydant activity. Keywords : liquid smoke, pirolysis, antimicrobial, antioxvdant.

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