Negative Mass: الكتلة السالبة

This article presents a physical model, which describes the ideas of special relativity, in a more rational, logical, simple and understandable manner, while using basic mathematical tools. The model is based on Albert Einstein’s formula, which describes the “rest” energy of a body with mass m, given by the formula E = mc2. Based on this formula, and in accordance with the theory of special relativity, we present here a model of a body, moving at a constant velocity in space with speed equal to the speed of light in space-time, determined by an “energy angle” and negative mass. This model also presents a method for creating negative mass, a calculating method for the relative velocity, and a method for calculating energy and momentum, in a completely elastic collision and plastic collision, differing from contemporary nowadays methods, using classical and modern physics. In addition, the new model solves better the problems and paradoxes known in special relativity physics, such as the Twin Paradox and others. All this in Part 1, in Part 2 we will discuss the application of the model to the body under the influence of gravitational forces and in Part 3 we will see how phenomena in quantum physics can be explained according to the same model.

The Uniformly Accelerated String and the Bell Spaceship Paradox

We consider the string with the length l, the left end and the right end of which is non-relativistically and then relativistically accelerated by the constant acceleration a. We calculate the motion of the string with no intercalation of the Fitzgerald contraction of the string. We consider also the Bell spaceship paradox. The Bell paradox and our problem is in the relation with the Lorentz contraction in the Cherenkov effect (Pardy, 1997) realized by the carbon dumbbell moving in the LHC or ILC (Pardy, 2008). The Lorentz contraction and Langevin twin paradox (Pardy, 1969) is interpreted as the Fock measurement procedure (Fock, 1964;).

Relativistic coordinates’ transformations of accelerating reference frames. A new approach

In this paper, Lorentz-type coordinates’ transformations are proposed to connect the coordinates of an accelerating reference frame with the coordinates of a fixed one. Next, these transformations are applied to accelerating frames of constant acceleration. Finally, the Lorentz-type transformations are applied to the twin paradox, in an attempt to describe how the acceleration affects this phenomenon.

An extended APOBEC3A mutation signature in cancer

APOBEC mutagenesis, a major driver of cancer evolution, is known for targeting TpC sites in DNA. Recently, we showed that APOBEC3A (A3A) targets DNA hairpin loops. Here, we show that DNA secondary structure is in fact an orthogonal influence on A3A substrate optimality and, surprisingly, can override the TpC sequence preference. VpC (non-TpC) sites in optimal hairpins can outperform TpC sites as mutational hotspots. This expanded understanding of APOBEC mutagenesis illuminates the genomic Twin Paradox, a puzzling pattern of closely spaced mutation hotspots in cancer genomes, in which one is a canonical TpC site but the other is a VpC site, and double mutants are seen only in trans, suggesting a two-hit driver event. Our results clarify this paradox, revealing that both hotspots in these twins are optimal A3A substrates. Our findings reshape the notion of a mutation signature, highlighting the additive roles played by DNA sequence and DNA structure.

Asymmetry theory derived from the principle of constant light speed

“The principle of the constancy of the velocity of light” was well established, while the further assumption that the light velocity is independent of the motion of the observer was never directly proven by any experiment. Based solely on this principle without any unproven assumptions, a comprehensive theoretic framework of the electrodynamics of moving bodies, named “Asymmetry Theory”, is derived purely through strict mathematics. A formula of the light velocity was mathematically derived, which is proven by the Sagnac effect and provides mathematical explanations for one-way light speed measurement, stellar aberration, and the M-M experiment. Other mathematically derived results include:1. A formula for observed “time dilation”, which resolves the “twin paradox”.2. Doppler Effect is simply a phenomenon of observed “time dilation” and one general formula covers traditional and transverse Doppler Effects, cosmological redshift, and time-varying velocities.3. Lorentz force law is invariant under Galilean transformation, with the correct definition of velocity following Barnett’s experiment explanation.4. A generalized form of Maxwell wave equations derived from the original equations, which is covariant under Galilean transformation. 5. The electrodynamics including particle acceleration and Mass-Energy relationship. Asymmetry Theory is comprehensive, self-consistent and in harmony with all existing experiments. It provides straightforward and mathematical explanations of key phenomenon without any paradox. Furthermore, Maxwell’s equations provide it the theoretic base and proof. Based on its predictions, two experiment designs are proposed for further conclusive confirmation.

Velocity and absurdity in modern physics

When physicists write the variable v, they usually mean the velocity of an object in an inertial coordinate system, otherwise known as a reference frame. This is the most common velocity concept in modern physics. The velocity of an object in this sense depends on which inertial coordinate system one is working with. For example, an airplane in flight has a velocity of about 500 miles per hour in a coordinate system anchored in a nearby mountain, a velocity of more than 60 000 miles per hour in a coordinate system anchored in the sun, and a velocity of 0 in a coordinate system anchored in the airplane itself. The widely accepted idea that the ticking rate of a clock is a function of this type of clock velocity is absurd. It implies that a human analyst can control the ticking rates of physical clocks through the mental act of selecting a coordinate system. This is a nonsensical mingling of imagination with reality that is akin to believing that a movie character can jump out of your television set and take a seat in your living room. Despite this absurdity, the idea that a clock’s ticking rate depends on its velocity in an inertial coordinate system is a staple of modern physics. It is a pillar of Einstein’s special theory of relativity. It is central to the standard analysis of the so-called twin paradox. It underlies the predictions of Hafele and Keating concerning the ticking rates of clocks that travel in airplanes. Velocity absurdity of this sort flourishes today, and it may well continue to flourish for many years to come.

Explanation of time travel using big bounce

We are going to see a short description on what exactly big bounce theory is and also we know that as per most of the theories, we know that time is nothing but just a 4th dimension.So there are many questions and paradoxes which occur if we talk about a thing called time travel. But today we are going to provide a solution for twin paradox and also are going to see, whether we can move into past, if yes then in which condition we will move into past i.e any year and in which condition we will move into past with respect to time moving in future i.e past wrt normal frame of reference but limited to the year in which we started traveling.