Trade cooperation in light of the forces that are currently re-shaping international business

In this research work, Author focus on the analysis trade cooperation in light of the forces that are currently re-shaping international business. Accordance to the foreign trade policy theory further trade liberalisation and improved framework policies would increase trade and promote growth. It must be emphasized that openess to trade is associated with higher incomes and growth and there are the need for new approaches to trade cooperation. What indicates the importance and innovativeness of the research is the presentation of the new models of the foreign trade policy and trade interests. First of all it must underline that in the new theoretical terms in the demand for trade policy very important is factor specificity. The low specificity of factors means that factor returns are equalized throughout a region’s economy. On the other hand some factors are stuck in their present uses; therefore, factor returns are not equalized throughout a region’s economy, but are industry specific. The main objective of the research task is to give a comprehensive analysis of current trends in foreign trade theory and policy and in particulary the models of foreign trade policy, trade interests indicated by export orientation and import sensitivity, foreign trade policy in different types of authoritarian regimes, protectionistic pressures in different political system, the level of protectionistic pressures, the variation in the foreign trade policy among states, the liberalisation of China foreign trade policy and their effects, the tendencies to international trade liberalisation and the problem of environmental protection, and the tendencies to bilateralism in the foreign trade policy. It should be stressed that free trade in itself is not responsible for economic growth, but more significant are the determining macroeconomic stability and increasing investment.

Expression and role of specificity protein 1 and collagen I in recurrent pterygial tissues

AIM: To investigate the expression profiles of the transcription factor specificity protein 1 (Sp1) and collagen I in recurrent pterygial tissues. What is more, to compare the changes of Sp1 and collagen I among primary pterygial tissue, recurrent pterygial tissue and conjunctival tissue. METHODS: In the prospective study, we collected the pterygial tissues of 40 patients who underwent resection of primary pterygial tissue and recurrent pterygial tissue, and the conjunctival tissues of 10 patients with enucleation due to trauma. The relative expression levels of Sp1 and collagen I were analyzed by reverse transcription quantitative-polymerase chain reaction and Western blot. Paired t-test was performed to compare the Sp1 and collagen I of recurrent pterygial tissues, as well as the primary pterygial tissues and conjunctival tissues. In further, Pearson’s hypothesis testing of correlation coefficients was used to compare the correlations of Sp1 and Collagen I. RESULTS: The content of Sp1 and collagen I mRNA and protein was significantly greater in recurrent pterygial tissue than that was in primary and conjunctival tissue (P<0.05). There was a positive correlation between the mRNA and protein levels of Sp1 and collagen I in recurrent pterygial tissues (protein: r=0.913, P<0.05; mRNA: r=0.945, P<0.05). CONCLUSION: Sp1 and collagen I are expressed in normal conjunctival, primary, and recurrent pterygial tissues, but expression is significantly greater in the latter. Sp1 and collagen I may be involved in the regulation of the development of recurrent pterygium.

Dark Matter of the Transcription Factor Binding Site Motif Universe

Background: We study the limits imposed by transcription factor specificity on the maximum size of a genetic regulatory network. Results: Most regular expressions for natural transcription factor binding site motifs are separated in sequence space by only one to three motif-discriminating positions. This mild specificity requirement puts the number of transcription factors that can coexist with minimal crosstalk on the order of ten thousand, which would fully utilize the space of DNA subsequences. An expanded alphabet with modified bases can further raise this limit by several orders of magnitude, at the expense of sequence space usage. Conclusions: Based on this analysis, thousands of transcription factor binding site motifs may await discovery.

Transcription factor Sp1 is upregulated by PKCι to drive the expression of YAP1 during pancreatic carcinogenesis

Recently, we identified that the atypical protein kinase C isoform ι (PKCι) enhances the expression of YAP1 to promote the tumorigenesis of pancreatic adenocarcinoma harboring mutant KRAS (mu-KRAS). To advance our understanding about underlying mechanisms, we analyze the transcription of YAP1 in pancreatic cancer cells and reveal that transcription factor Specificity Protein 1 (Sp1) is upregulated by PKCι and subsequently binds to multiple sites in YAP1 promoter to drive the transactivation of YAP1 in pancreatic cancer cells carrying mu-KRAS. The bioinformatics analysis further substantiates that the expression of PKCι, Sp1 and YAP1 is correlated and associated with the stages and prognosis of pancreatic tumors. Moreover, our apoptotic detection data demonstrate that combination of PKCι and Sp1 inhibitors at subtoxic doses displays synergistic effects on inducing apoptosis and reversing the immunosuppression of pancreatic cancer cells, establishing the combination of PKCι and Sp1 inhibitors as a promising novel therapeutic approach, or an adjuvant strategy to potentiate the antitumor effects of other immunotherapeutic agents in pancreatic cancer treatment.

Krüppel-like factor/specificity protein evolution in the Spiralia and the implications for cephalopod visual system novelties

The cephalopod visual system is an exquisite example of convergence in biological complexity. However, we have little understanding of the genetic and molecular mechanisms underpinning its elaboration. The generation of new genetic material is considered a significant contributor to the evolution of biological novelty. We sought to understand if this mechanism may be contributing to cephalopod-specific visual system novelties. Specifically, we identified duplications in the Krüppel-like factor/specificity protein (KLF/SP) sub-family of C2H2 zinc-finger transcription factors in the squid Doryteuthis pealeii . We cloned and analysed gene expression of the KLF/SP family, including two paralogs of the DpSP6-9 gene. These duplicates showed overlapping expression domains but one paralog showed unique expression in the developing squid lens, suggesting a neofunctionalization of DpSP6-9a . To better understand this neofunctionalization, we performed a thorough phylogenetic analysis of SP6-9 orthologues in the Spiralia. We find multiple duplications and losses of the SP6-9 gene throughout spiralian lineages and at least one cephalopod-specific duplication. This work supports the hypothesis that gene duplication and neofunctionalization contribute to novel traits like the cephalopod image-forming eye and to the diversity found within Spiralia.