Development of Technology Ferrous Metal Melting Furnace Ancient Times in Indonesia

Technological knowledge of the use of metals is inseparable from human knowledge in the processing pyrotechnics of fire as a power in high temperature processes for producing objects. The fire is used for smelting and casting in melting furnaces. Metal smelting furnace is a heat production device, which is used to purify the metal, in this case iron. This paper aims to determine the development of ferrous metal smelting furnace technology in Indonesia with the library research method from the results of previous studies. Based on the results of the analysis, there are four technologies for smelting iron, namely pit kiln, bloomery furnace, blast furnace, and induction furnace. Of the four technologies, three are in use in Indonesia, namely bloomery furnace, blast furnace, and induction furnace.

GENERALIZATION OF ALGORITHMIC MODELS FOR ORE SMELTING FURNACE OPERATION

This article establishes the relationship between the various processes that take place in the furnace. Specifically: - heating of the charge due to its electrical resistance; - introduction of additional heat due to coke burning; - heat transfer processes in the volume of the furnace bath; - formation of melt and slag due to chemical reactions. The complete algorithm of operation of the ore-thermal furnace is presented. By means of which it becomes possible to model in dynamics the technological process of obtaining ferroalloys. Literature sources are presented, where a more detailed mathematical description of modeling the ferroalloy smelting process is presented. The model is reconfigured when changing the parameters of the charge, depending on its component composition and temperature value. Such as: - electrical resistivity; - mass heat capacity; - specific density; - thermal conductivity. The described algorithmic model is universal for obtaining different brands of ferroalloys.

Methodological Framework for Experiments Related to Bloomery Iron Production Procedures: Ore Preparation and Smelting

Systematic, well-designed experimental research and standardized documentation is a starting point for explaining the outcome of experiments and comparative analyses, whether within single experimental research or a wider frame of comparison with other research. This contribution presents a sequence of research procedures that served as a basis for the design and implementation of experiments related to bloomery iron production procedures. A proposal for the method of documentation is made with the aim of combining all general functional parameters relevant to the procedures of ore preparation and direct process of reduction in the reconstruction of a smelting furnace, based on personal experiences and the current state of experimental research related to iron production. The objective is to give a structured basic template of main parameters that should be recorded and reported when performing experiments related to the mentioned procedures. The hope is to bring forward a layout that should be upgraded and further developed based on specific research questions one could have.