Analysis of the state and global trends in the cultivation and breeding of apple trees

The objective of the research is to analyze scientific and technical literature, to identify trends in world production and trends in apple breeding. The article uses official data from the FAO - Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (Statistics Division). In addition, the information from the websites of the Federal State Statistics Service and the Federal State Budgetary Institution "Gossortcommission" - the State Commission for Selection Achievements, Test and Protection - were used. Statistical reports for the period from 2000 to 2019 were taken for analysis. The volume of fruits produced in the world is increasing every year. Apple production is in third place in the world, second only to coffee and olives. The leading apple suppliers are China, USA, Turkey, Poland, Iran, Italy, India, France, Russia, Chile. In 2000-2019 the gross harvest of apples increased from 59 million tons. up to 87 million tons, while the number of cultivated areas decreased from 5.4 to 4.7 million hectares. The main producing regions of this crop are Asia (60.7%), Europe (22.1%), America (12.9%), Africa (3.2%) and Oceania (1.1%). At the same time, the world production of apple trees has significantly stepped towards intensification, thanks to new cultivars and new cultivation technologies. Over the past twenty years, global apple production has grown significantly due to the intensification of production and the introduction of new breeding cultivars.

O contato vaca-bezerro pós nascimento e o sistema de produção leiteira – revisão de literatura

Animal Welfare (BEA) is a practice that is in great evidence today and that began to be applied in the 60s, through the dissemination of the book Animals Machines, by Ruth Harrison and formation of the Brambell committee, in the United Kingdom United. The purpose of the publication was to sensitize readers and the population to a less anthropocentric view of animal production, through the proclamation of proven information that animals of other species are sentient beings, and that domestication is a transformative attitude capable of modifying , intrinsically, its genome with direct result in the production chain. In livestock farming, raising dairy heifers is of great importance for world production and the country's economy, as it is the area of agribusiness that employs the most and grows in Brazil, and therefore, careful care in the first hours after birth and throughout the period of breastfeeding are essential for a healthy physical development of these animals, as well as an adequate behavioral response for the species with an excellent economic result.