Analysis of the state and global trends in the cultivation and breeding of apple trees

The objective of the research is to analyze scientific and technical literature, to identify trends in world production and trends in apple breeding. The article uses official data from the FAO - Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (Statistics Division). In addition, the information from the websites of the Federal State Statistics Service and the Federal State Budgetary Institution "Gossortcommission" - the State Commission for Selection Achievements, Test and Protection - were used. Statistical reports for the period from 2000 to 2019 were taken for analysis. The volume of fruits produced in the world is increasing every year. Apple production is in third place in the world, second only to coffee and olives. The leading apple suppliers are China, USA, Turkey, Poland, Iran, Italy, India, France, Russia, Chile. In 2000-2019 the gross harvest of apples increased from 59 million tons. up to 87 million tons, while the number of cultivated areas decreased from 5.4 to 4.7 million hectares. The main producing regions of this crop are Asia (60.7%), Europe (22.1%), America (12.9%), Africa (3.2%) and Oceania (1.1%). At the same time, the world production of apple trees has significantly stepped towards intensification, thanks to new cultivars and new cultivation technologies. Over the past twenty years, global apple production has grown significantly due to the intensification of production and the introduction of new breeding cultivars.

Development of computer program for automatic X-ray analysis of quality of vegetable seeds

Traditional morphometric methods of seed quality analysis, although they are accurate, are less informative, labor-intensive and long-term in execution. In modern conditions, in seed science and seed control, the use of more informative and high-speed instrumental methods is required. The method of microfocus X-ray of seeds is one of them, it allows you to visualize the internal structure of seeds. In the joint work of employees of the Federal Scientific Vegetable Center, Agrophysical Research Institute and St. Petersburg State Electrotechnical University, Research Institute for Storage Problems of "Rosrezerv", a method of X-ray analysis of the quality of vegetable seeds was developed and tested. Currently, programming, automation of this method is underway. The method of digital analysis of X-ray images in automatic mode comes as a replacement for the previously applied visual analysis of seed radiographs. A modernized software and hardware complex was developed and tested, a program algorithm was compiled, consisting of several stages. As a result, the quality analysis of seeds is significantly accelerated by visualizing their internal structure. The newly developed computer program "Sortsemkontrol-2" recognizes seeds according to the following qualitative indicators: full-value, underdevelopment, undevelopment, monstrous. The analysis results are automatically reported as a log. The fractional analysis of the seed batch is also carried out, the dimensional characteristic of each fraction is given, according to the two largest adjacent fractions, the equalization of the seed batch is determined. Fractional analysis of a batch of seeds is of great practical importance for pre-production of seeds. In the future, the application of the computer program "Sortsemkontrol-2" will provide an accelerated, at the same time informative analysis of the quality of seeds, which is very important in the conditions of commercialization of seed turnover.

Phenotypic plasticity of the Cydalima perspectalis Walker life cycle stages development in the Crimea

The box tree moth ( Cydalima perspectalis Walker) is an invasive insect that has rapidly colonized the vast area of the European continent, damaging tonatural and ornamental box trees. In order to develop effective phytophagous control measures there are features of the local populations seasonal development that have been studied in the Crimea. It is determined that during the growing season in the green spaces of the Crimean parks there is a temporary overlapping of both development stages and generations of the C. perspectalis populations. An important seasonal adaptation of C. perspectalis to the habitat’s conditions is thermal sensitivity reduction and development acceleration of all life cycle stages in the second summer generation under the influence of photoperiod. This flexibility of ontogenetic requirements for the transition to diapause provides higher phenological variability in populations. There is identified the temperature and photoperiod impact to development rate of larvae and the influence of relative humidity to development rate of pupae. With identical thermal reaction norms for development of the overwintered larvae, for complete of life cycle of the one generation life cycle in the Southern coast of the Crimea conditions needed the sum of growing degrees-days are 80 °С higher than in the Foothill Crimea. It is identified relative constancy of growing degrees-days needed for complete of the second summer generation of C. perspectalis . It allows considering them as a tool for determining the timing of effective treatment of third-generation larvae before they cause severe damage. For the comparability of the research results with the available publications, it was proposed to use the temperature threshold of 9.5 °С when calculating the growing degrees-days.

Psychological effects of the course reception of multicomponent herbal blend "Antistress

The study of the effectiveness of the course intake of multicomponent herbal blend "Antistress" (rhizomes with roots of valerian officinalis, motherwort grass, hawthorn flowers, peppermint leaf, lemon balm leaf, herba hyperici) was conducted. The subjects were 20 students of a medical university, 45% of them worked with patients with coronavirus infection. The deadline for receiving the herbal blend is 20 days. The psychological state was assessed using the methods "Coping behavior in stressful situations", "Taylor Scale of anxiety manifestations", "Emotional burnout" by V. Boyko. After taking the herbal medicine, the overly emotional response to stress disappeared, anxiety decreased. Initially inflated indicators of emotional burnout have decreased to normal or close to normal: tension has decreased; forced resistance to adverse circumstances that have generally ceased to be perceived as such; emotional reserves that can be spent productively and with pleasure in professional activities have increased. In many respects, this result was obtained due to the combination of medicinal plants in the herbal blend: along with soothing and improving the functional state of the cardiovascular and nervous system components, herba hyperici, which is a natural antidepressant, was also included in the blend.

Conveyor of a new assortment of peaches and nectarines for Crimea and southern Russia

Aim and task: Goals and objectives: to form a conveyor of industrial assortment of peach and nectarine for the Crimea and southern Russia. To do this, study the new varieties of peach and nectarine bred by the Nikitsky Botanical Gardens for a complex of economic and biological characteristics. The study of varieties was carried out according to the "Program and methodology for the study of varieties of fruit, berry and nut crops" (Sedov, 1995), as well as in accordance with the classifier (Khloptseva, Sharova, Korneichuk, 1988). 34 new varieties of peach and 7 - nectarine of NBG selection of different ripening periods were studied by a complex of economically valuable traits. Genotypes with a complex of outstanding properties in terms of yield, frost resistance of flower buds, drought resistance, resistance to fungal diseases, and commercial qualities of fruits with an increased content of biologically active substances have been identified. A conveyor belt of a new industrial assortment of peaches and nectarines of the Nikitsky Botanical Garden selection for gardening in Crimea and southern Russia has been proposed.