Legumes (Angiosperms: Fabaceae) of Bagalkot District, Karnataka, India

Fabaceae Lindl. or Leguminosae is one of the largest families of Angiosperms. Due to adaptability in various climatic conditions, members of the family Fabaceae are worldwide in their distribution. Globally, Fabaceae is represented by 770 genera and 19,500 taxa. Bagalkot is one of the largest districts of northern Karnataka and falls under the Deccan Peninsular region of India. The study area (Bagalkot District) is a rain shadow region and remains dry and hot throughout year. During floristic analysis of the District the authors recorded 157 species of legumes, which is communicated here in relation to habitat, life forms, distribution, classification and their importance.

Traversability of multi-boundary wormholes

We generalize the Gao-Jafferis-Wall construction of traversable two-sided wormholes to multi-boundary wormholes. In our construction, we take the background spacetime to be multi-boundary black holes in AdS3. We work in the hot limit where the dual CFT state in certain regions locally resembles the thermofield double state. Furthermore, in these regions, the hot limit makes the causal shadow exponentially small. Based on these two features of the hot limit, and with the three-boundary wormhole as our main example, we show that traversability between any two asymptotic regions in a multi-boundary wormhole can be triggered using a double-trace deformation. In particular, the two boundary regions need not have the same temperature and angular momentum. We discuss the non-trivial angular dependence of traversability in our construction, as well as the effect of the causal shadow region.

Shadow Detection and Compensation from Remote Sensing Images under Complex Urban Conditions

Due to the block of high-rise objects and the influence of the sun’s altitude and azimuth, shadows are inevitably formed in remote sensing images particularly in urban areas, which causes missing information in the shadow region. In this paper, we propose a new method for shadow detection and compensation through objected-based strategy. For shadow detection, the shadow was highlighted by an improved shadow index (ISI) combined color space with an NIR band, then ISI was reconstructed by the objects acquired from the mean-shift algorithm to weaken noise interference and improve integrity. Finally, threshold segmentation was applied to obtain the shadow mask. For shadow compensation, the objects from segmentation were treated as a minimum processing unit. The adjacent objects are likely to have the same ambient light intensity, based on which we put forward a shadow compensation method which always compensates shadow objects with their adjacent non-shadow objects. Furthermore, we presented a dynamic penumbra compensation method (DPCM) to define the penumbra scope and accurately remove the penumbra. Finally, the proposed methods were compared with the stated-of-art shadow indexes, shadow compensation method and penumbra compensation methods. The experiments show that the proposed method can accurately detect shadow from urban high-resolution remote sensing images with a complex background and can effectively compensate the information in the shadow region.

Entanglement between two disjoint universes

We use the replica method to compute the entanglement entropy of a universe without gravity entangled in a thermofield-double-like state with a disjoint gravitating universe. Including wormholes between replicas of the latter gives an entropy functional which includes an “island” on the gravitating universe. We solve the back-reaction equations when the cosmological constant is negative to show that this island coincides with a causal shadow region that is created by the entanglement in the gravitating geometry. At high entanglement temperatures, the island contribution to the entropy functional leads to a bound on entanglement entropy, analogous to the Page behavior of evaporating black holes. We demonstrate that the entanglement wedge of the non-gravitating universe grows with the entanglement temperature until, eventually, the gravitating universe can be entirely reconstructed from the non-gravitating one.

Right/Left-Handed Leaky Rectangular Waveguide with Broadside Radiation Property

When a leaky rectangular waveguide is used to realize the coverage of radio wave in the small confined spaces, there will be a shadow region, which influences the coverage performance. In this paper, the traditional leaky rectangular waveguide is improved according to the principle of the equivalent circuit, by cutting interdigital slots in the upper wall and adding uniserial metal vias between the upper and lower walls of the rectangular waveguide. Thus, the right/left-handed transmission line property is introduced to the periodic leaky-waveguide (LWG), realizing the broadside radiation with relatively high gain (15.7 dBi), good cross polarization (−50 dB), and narrow half-power beamwidth (10.9°) at 6.97 GHz and providing a method for a uniform coverage of the radio wave in rooms without a shadow region.