Survival and growth of saprotrophic and mycorrhizal fungi in recalcitrant amine, amide and ammonium containing media

The elimination of hazardous compounds in chemical wastes can be a complex and technically demanding task. In the search for environmental-friendly technologies, fungal mediated remediation and removal procedures are of concern. In this study, we investigated whether there are fungal species that can survive and grow on solely amine-containing compounds. One compound containing a primary amine group; 2-diethylaminoethanol, one compound with a primary amide group; 2,6-dichlorobenzamide (BAM), and a third compound containing a quaternary ammonium group; N3-trimethyl(2-oxiranyl)methanaminium chloride, were selected. The choice of these compounds was motivated by their excessive use in large scale manufacturing of protein separation media (2-diethylaminoethanol and the quaternary amine). 2,6-dichlorobenzamide, the degradation product of the herbicide 2,6-dichlorobenzonitrile (dichlobenil), was chosen since it is an extremely recalcitrant compound. Utilising part of the large fungal diversity in Northern European forests, a screening study using 48 fungal isolates from 42 fungal species, including saprotrophic and mycorrhizal fungi, was performed to test for growth responses to the chosen compounds. The ericoid (ERM) mycorrhizal fungus Rhizoscyphus ericae showed the best overall growth on 2-diethylaminoethanol and BAM in the 1–20 g L-1 concentration range, with a 35-fold and 4.5-fold increase in biomass, respectively. For N3-trimethyl(2-oxiranyl)methanaminium chloride, the peak growth occurred at 1 g L-1. In a second experiment, including three of the most promising fungi (Laccaria laccata, Hygrophorus camarophyllus and Rhizoscyphus ericae) from the screening experiment, a simulated process water containing 1.9% (w/v) 2-diethylaminoethanol and 0.8% (w/v) N3-trimethyl(2-oxiranyl)methanaminium chloride was used. Laccaria laccata showed the best biomass increase (380%) relative to a control, while the accumulation for Rhizoscyphus ericae and Hygrophorus camarophyllus were 292% and 136% respectively, indicating that mycorrhizal fungi can use amine- and amide-containing substrates as nutrients. These results show the potential of certain fungal species to be used in alternative green wastewater treatment procedures.

Phylogenetic reappraisal and epitypification of Laccaria macrocystidiata (Hydnangiaceae, Basidiomycota)

Laccaria macrocystidiata, a marasmioid species, originally described as Laccaria affinis f. macrocystidiata from Central Italy, was synonymised with the North American taxon Laccaria laccata var. pallidifolia, but only on a morphological basis. In this paper, the independent position of L. macrocystidiata from L. laccata var. pallidifolia and other species of Laccaria is pointed out on the basis of ITS-LSU phylogenetic analyses. According to our results, Laccaria macrocystidiata var. longispinosa is considered a synonym of Laccaria macrocystidiata. Laccaria macrocystidiata holotype consists of only one basidioma in poor condition; thus, a new epitype from an Italian collection was designated.

Inocular Pinus greggii con el hongo ectomicorrícico Laccaria laccata favorece a las comunidades nativas de rizobacterias promotoras del crecimiento vegetal

La simbiosis pino-hongo ectomicorrícico es de gran importancia ecológica debido a la interacción microbiana establecida en la micorrizósfera y a las condiciones edáficas favorables creadas por la descomposición de la materia orgánica. El objetivo de este trabajo fue estimar el efecto de la colonización del hongo ectomicorrícico Laccaria laccata sobre el crecimiento de Pinus greggii, así como la abundancia de microorganismos en sus raíces, en condiciones de invernadero. Se observó que, un año después de la siembra y 6 meses después de la inoculación, L. laccata mejoró el crecimiento de P. greggii; además, aumentó la actividad metabólica microbiana (AWCD), mas no se presentaron diferencias en la diversidad respecto al testigo. A su vez, se encontró mayor abundancia de bacterias solubilizadoras de fosfatos y fijadoras de nitrógeno en la rizósfera de las plantas inoculadas. Lo cual sugiere que estos organismos se ven favorecidos en las condiciones que propicia la presencia de L. laccatta.

Actividad antimicrobiana, contenido de compuestos fenólicos y capacidad antioxidante de cuatro hongos macromicetos comestibles de Chihuahua, México

En el presente estudio se determinó el contenido de compuestos fenólicos y la actividad antimicrobiana yantioxidante en cuatro especies de hongos comestibles (Amanita rubescens, Astraeus hygrometricus, Laccaria laccata y Lycoperdon perlatum). Las actividades antimicrobianas se probaron en Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae y Candida albicans. Los compuestos fenólicos y la actividad antioxidante se midieron mediante métodos espectrofotométricos. Todos los hongos presentan una alta actividad en comparación con S. agalactiae. El contenido de compuestos fenólicos se ubicó entre 1.54 - 20.93 mg GAE/g DW y la actividad antioxidante entre 0.0034 - 0.0854 mmol TE / g DW, siendo A. rubescens la especie con el valor más alto encontrado. Los resultados obtenidos de la actividad antimicrobiana utilizando el método de difusión en disco indicaron que los extractos exhibieron una actividad moderada. Sin embargo, la Concentración Mínima Inhibitoria (CMI) con ambos disolventes muestra que todas las especies de macromicetos registraron inhibición de los microorganismos en diferentes concentraciones. En general, los extractos etanólicos ejercieron una actividad antimicrobiana mayor a los obtenidos con metanol. La bacteria S. agalactiae fue el microorganismo más susceptible y S. aureus la más resistente. La mejor actividad antimicrobiana se encontró en los extractos etanólicos de A. hygrometricus y L. perlatum, principalmente en S. agalactiae, con un valor de CMI de 3.75 mg/mL. En conclusión, se sugiere que estas especies de macromicetos se pueden utilizar como fuente natural de componentes antimicrobianos y antioxidantes.

New Reports of Wild Mushroom Diversity from Foothill Region of Uttarakhand

A The present investigation was undertaken in foothill regions of Uttarakhand from July-2016 up to December-2018. A total of thirty four different sites ranging from the roadside areas, grasslands to forests were studied and Mushroom fruiting bodies were collected. A total of One Hundred sixty six fruiting counts were obtained and 68 mushroom genera belonging to 15 orders and 43 families were identified. During collection visits mushroom were apparent from organic debris of diversified habitats ranging from humid soil; grassland; leaf litter; living tree trunk; dead wood log of forest zone. Maximum fruiting bodies (75%) were obtained between July to September and minimum i.e. 6% between November – February. Among the collected mushroom Stereum rugosum, Crepidotus variabilis, Laccaria laccata, Schizophyllum commune, Ganoderma applantum, Cantharellus cibarius were more prevalent. Out of all collected mushroom sample the frequency of Mushroom belonging to order Agaricales was 45.18% followed by Polyporales i.e., 27.7%. The collected mushroom were cultured on PDA medium and their mycelial forms were preserved for further studies.

Survival and growth of saprotrophic and mycorrhizal fungi in recalcitrant amine, amide and ammonium containing media

The elimination of hazardous compounds in chemical wastes can be a complex and technically demanding task. In the search for environmental-friendly technologies, fungal mediated remediation and removal procedures are of concern. In this study, we investigated whether there are fungal species that can survive and grow on solely amine-containing compounds. One compound containing a primary amine group; 2-diethylaminoethanol, one compound with a primary amide group; 2,6-dichlorobenzamide (BAM), and a third compound containing a quaternary ammonium group; N3-trimethyl(2-oxiranyl)methanaminium chloride, were selected. The choice of these compounds was motivated by their excessive use in large scale manufacturing of protein separation media (2-diethylaminoethanol and the quaternary amine). 2,6-dichlorobenzamide, the degradation product of the herbicide 2,6-dichlorobenzonitrile (dichlobenil), was chosen since it is an extremely recalcitrant compound. Utilising part of the large fungal diversity in Northern European forests, a screening study using 48 fungal isolates from 42 fungal species, including saprotrophic and mycorrhizal fungi, was performed to test for growth responses to the chosen compounds. The ericoid mycorrhizal fungus Rhizoscyphus ericae showed the best overall growth on 2-diethylaminoethanol and BAM in the 1-20 gL-1 concentration range. A 3500% and 450% increase in biomass, respectively, was observed. For N3-trimethyl(2-oxiranyl)methanaminium chloride, the peak growth occurred at 1 gL-1. In a second experiment, including three of the most promising species (Laccaria laccata, Hygrophorus camarophyllus and Rhizoscyphus ericae) from the screening experiment, a simulated process water containing 1.9% (w/v) 2-diethylaminoethanol and 0.8% (w/v) N3-trimethyl(2-oxiranyl)methanaminium chloride was used. Laccaria laccata showed the best biomass growth increase (380%) relative to a growth control, while the growth increase for Rhizoscyphus ericae and H. camarophyllus were 292% and 136% respectively, showing that also mycorrhizal fungal species can use amine- and amide-containing substrates as nutrients. These results show the potential of certain fungal species to be used in alternative green wastewater treatment procedures.

Análisis proximal y de composición mineral de cuatro especies de hongos ectomicorrízicos silvestres de la Sierra Tarahumara de Chihuahua

En Chihuahua se han registrado cerca de 500 especies de hongos macromicetos, de las que 73 son consideradas comestibles a nivel mundial. El objetivo de la presente investigación fue determinar la composición proximal y mineral de cuatro especies de hongos ectomicorrícicos comestibles de la Sierra Tarahumara en Chihuahua. Se recolectaron carpóforos de Astraeus hygrometricus, Laccaria laccata, Amanita caesarea y Pisolithus tinctorius en dos localidades del municipio de Bocoyna. A éstos se les realizó un análisis proximal para determinar el porcentaje de humedad, proteínas, grasas totales, cenizas y carbohidratos totales, así mismo se realizó un análisis de composición mineral para determinar el porcentaje de nitrógeno total (N), fósforo (P), potasio (K), calcio (Ca), magnesio (Mg), sodio (Na), cobre (Cu), hierro (Fe), manganeso (Mn) y zinc (Zn). Los resultados muestran que P. tinctorius es la especie con mayor contenido de minerales, A. hygrometricus en contenido de carbohidratos, A. caesarea en contenido de grasas y L. laccata en proteínas. De los 10 distintos minerales que fueron determinados, A. caesarea presenta el contenido más elevado en N, P, K y Zn, mientras que A. hygrometricus tiene los valores más altos de Ca y Mn. Por su parte, L. laccata muestra los contenidos más altos en Mg, Na y Cu. Finalmente, P. tinctorius resultó con los valores más altos en Fe. En general, la composición proximal y mineral de estos hongos se encuentra dentro del rango establecido para hongos comestibles, por lo que son una buena alternativa alimenticia para los habitantes de la zona.