The Effect of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Ambient Air Quality in Yogyakarta Urban Area Parameters SO2, CO and, NO2 with Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW)

In early March 2020, a pandemic disrupted human activities, especially in the Yogyakarta Urban Area. The area is experiencing development or becoming a tourist center in the Province of the Special Region of Yogyakarta. With these developments, this study would carry out data processing related to air quality, remove it comparing the concentration of SO2, CO, and NO2 parameters before the pandemic in 2019 and after the pandemic in 2020. The results of this study are that the ambient air quality in urban areas Yogyakarta tends to experience a decline and the monitoring locations are located around industries and major road junctions. So, the mapping of ambient air quality itself can facilitate visualization research.

Sight distances at unsignalized intersections: a comparison of guidelines and requirements for human drivers and autonomous vehicles

Many traffic accidents are caused by unforeseen and unexpected events in a site that was hidden from the driver's eyes. Road design parameters determining required visibility are based on relationships formulated decades ago. It is worth reviewing them from time to time in the light of technological developments. In this paper, sight distances for stopping and crossing situations are studied in relation to the assumed visual abilities of autonomous vehicles. Current sight distance requirements at unsignalized intersections are based among others on speeds on the major road and on ac-cepted gaps by human drivers entering or crossing from the minor road. Since these requirements vary from country to country, regulations and sight terms of a few selected countries are compared in this study. From the comparison it is remarkable that although the two concepts, i.e. gap acceptance on the minor road and stopping on the major road have different backgrounds, but their outcome in terms of required sight distances are similar. Both distances are depending on speed on the major road: gap sight distances show a linear, while stopping sight distances a parabolic function. In general, European SSD values are quite similar to each other. However, the US and Australian guidelines based on gap acceptance criteria recommend higher sight distances. Human capabilities and limitations are considered in sight field requirements. Autonomous vehicles survey their environment with sensors which are different from the human vision in terms of identifying objects, estimating distances or speeds of other vehicles. This paper compares current sight field requirements based on conventional vehicles and those required for autonomous vehicles. Visibility requirements were defined by three vision indicators: distance, angle of view and resolution abilities of autonomous cars and human drivers. These indicators were calculated separately for autonomous vehicles and human drivers for various speeds on the main road and for intersections with 90° and 60° angles. It was shown that the required sight distances are 10 to 40 meters shorter for autonomous vehicles than for conventional ones.

Badger territoriality maintained despite disturbance of major road construction

Road ecology has traditionally focused on the impact of in-situ and functional roads on wildlife. However, road construction also poses a major, yet understudied, threat and the implications for key aspects of animal behaviour are unknown. Badgers (Meles meles) have been implicated in the transmission of tuberculosis to cattle. There are concerns that environmental disturbances, including major road construction, can disrupt badger territoriality, promoting the spread of the disease to cattle. To address these knowledge gaps the ranging behaviour of a medium-density Irish badger population was monitored using GPS-tracking collars before, during, and after a major road realignment project that bisected the study area. We estimated badgers’ home range sizes, nightly distances travelled, and the distance and frequency of extra-territorial excursions during each phase of the study and quantified any changes to these parameters. We show that road construction had a very limited effect on ranging behaviour. A small increase in nightly distance during road construction did not translate into an increase in home range size, nor an increase in the distance or frequency of extra-territorial excursions during road construction. In addition, suitable mitigation measures to prevent badger deaths appeared to ensure that normal patterns of ranging behaviour continued once the new road was in place. We recommend that continuous badger-proof fencing be placed along the entire length of new major roads, in combination with appropriately sited underpasses. Our analysis supports the view that road construction did not cause badgers to change their ranging behaviour in ways likely to increase the spread of tuberculosis.

Revised Method for Calculating Departure Sight Distance at Two-Way Stop-Controlled (TWSC) Intersections

This paper introduces realistic acceleration profiles for light-duty vehicles departing from rest at two-way stop-controlled (TWSC) intersections where minor roads (controlled by stop signs) intersect with uncontrolled major roads. The new profiles are based on current vehicle characteristics and driver behavior patterns. They are established based on actual field data collected using global positioning system data loggers that recorded the positional and speed data of various experimental vehicles starting from rest at TWSC intersections. Acceleration profiles are established in this paper and are used to develop a revised method for calculating the departure sight distance at TWSC intersections. Design tables were created to provide realistic sight distance values at TWSC intersections for different design speeds and number of lanes on the major road. It was found that the current values of intersection sight distance suggested by the design guides may be inadequate. Such values may force some approaching drivers on the major road to reduce their speeds or move to different traffic lanes to avoid conflicting with the departing vehicles. These maneuvers may have negative impacts on traffic safety. Therefore, implementing the revised method for calculating intersection sight distance, as presented in this paper, may ultimately reduce traffic collisions at TWSC intersections.

Pothole Dection Syatem in Vehicle

In India major road accident is based on potholes. To identify this potholes and humps in roads may reduces the road accident and also reduces the damages in cars and bike. To identify the holes and humps or speed breakers, the ultra sonic sensor, display board and buzzer also used in it. Project is mainly used in the prototype model of the vehicle which has the capable to find holes and humps in the road. When the vehicle identify the holes and hump it started showing the distance of obstacles, once the distance of obstacles reduced to 10m range the buzzer gives the alarm signals to drives that obstacles is near to vehicle so that they can reduces the speed of the vehicle and go slow through the obstacles or they can change the path. The display board given near the dash board that drivers can easily view the board and buzzer is given inside the vehicles and ultrasonic sensors given in the front of the bumper so it act efficiently. Here the arduino board is used for the power supply and programs, so this project reduces the accident occurs in the road due to holes and humps.

Modelling of Three-Dimensional Intersection Sight Distance

Intersection sight distance(ISD) is an important design element. Each intersection has a potential for several different types of vehicular conflicts that can be greatly reduced through the provision of proper sight distance. Current guidelines do not adequately address sight distance requirements for intersections located on horizontal curves alone or horizontal curves combined with vertical alignments. In many practical situations, however, sight distance is required to be checked for an existing or proposed three-dimensional(3D) intersection alignments. In this thesis, models were developed to check sight (2001) were considered on 3D alignment: (1)Departure from stop-control minor-road and (2) Left-turns from major-road. For stop-control intersections, several cases were addressed. These include Case 1(a): Intersection and approaching vehicle (object) lie on the curve, Case 2: Intersection lies on the tangent and object lies on the curve. For both cases (1) and (2), obstruction may lie inside or outside the horizontal curve and the intersection and object can be anywhere with respect to the vertical alignment. In many practical situations, however, sight distance is required to be checked for an existing or proposed three-dimensional(3D) intersection alignments. In this thesis, models were developed to check sight (2001) were considered on 3D alignment: (1)Departure from stop-control minor-road and (2) Left-turns from major-road. For stop-control intersections, several cases were addressed. These include Case 1(a): Intersection and approaching vehicle (object) lie on the curve, Case 2: Intersection lies on the tangent and object lies on the curve. For both cases (1) and (2), obstruction may lie inside or outside the horizontal curve and the intersection and object can be anywhere with respect to the vertical alignment. Design aids for required minimum lateral clearance (from the minor and major roads) are presented for different radii of intersections located on horizontal curves, guidelines are presented for offsetting opposing left-turn lanes to provide unobstructed required sight distance. Applications of the methodologies are illustrated using numerical examples.

Reliability Analysis of Sight Distance for Stopcontrol Intersections on Horizontal Alignments

Intersection sight distance (ISO) for stop-control intersections refers to the provision of adequate sight distance between a minor-road stopped vehicle and a major-road vehicle. The AASHTO policy for ISO for intersections on straight roadways Is based on the extreme values of the component design variables, such as major-road design speed and time gap, and assumes that these variables are deterministic. This research presents a reliability method that considers the moments (mean and variance) of the probability distribution of each random variable instead of the extreme values. This reliability method also accounts for the correlations among the component random variables. A performance function in terms of a safety margin is defined as the difference between the expected available and expected required ISO. Relationships for the mean and standard deviation of the safety margin are developed using First- Order Second-Moment analysis. Design graphs for the obstruction location are established for different radii of horizontal curves, design speed, and probability of failure. The reliability method is very useful as it provides the reliability associated with I8D design values. For evaluation purposes, the method can be used to determine the probability of failure of a particular intersection for an existing obstruction and current traffic conditions. The method can also be used to design the obstruction location for a given probability of failure. It was found that the deterministic method generally provides a higher probability of failure when the obstruction is closer to the minor road.

Modelling of Three-Dimensional Intersection Sight Distance

Intersection sight distance(ISD) is an important design element. Each intersection has a potential for several different types of vehicular conflicts that can be greatly reduced through the provision of proper sight distance. Current guidelines do not adequately address sight distance requirements for intersections located on horizontal curves alone or horizontal curves combined with vertical alignments. In many practical situations, however, sight distance is required to be checked for an existing or proposed three-dimensional(3D) intersection alignments. In this thesis, models were developed to check sight (2001) were considered on 3D alignment: (1)Departure from stop-control minor-road and (2) Left-turns from major-road. For stop-control intersections, several cases were addressed. These include Case 1(a): Intersection and approaching vehicle (object) lie on the curve, Case 2: Intersection lies on the tangent and object lies on the curve. For both cases (1) and (2), obstruction may lie inside or outside the horizontal curve and the intersection and object can be anywhere with respect to the vertical alignment. In many practical situations, however, sight distance is required to be checked for an existing or proposed three-dimensional(3D) intersection alignments. In this thesis, models were developed to check sight (2001) were considered on 3D alignment: (1)Departure from stop-control minor-road and (2) Left-turns from major-road. For stop-control intersections, several cases were addressed. These include Case 1(a): Intersection and approaching vehicle (object) lie on the curve, Case 2: Intersection lies on the tangent and object lies on the curve. For both cases (1) and (2), obstruction may lie inside or outside the horizontal curve and the intersection and object can be anywhere with respect to the vertical alignment. Design aids for required minimum lateral clearance (from the minor and major roads) are presented for different radii of intersections located on horizontal curves, guidelines are presented for offsetting opposing left-turn lanes to provide unobstructed required sight distance. Applications of the methodologies are illustrated using numerical examples.

Reliability analysis of pedestrian crossing sight distance

The main objective of this study was to calculate the required sight distance corresponding to the various probabilities of failure by considering two methods of reliability analysis. This paper presents a probabilistic approach based on such random variables as major road vehicle speed, walking speed, pedestrian observation-reaction time, the length of the crossing unit, pedestrian setback from the nearest curb of the major road. A safety margin is defined as the difference between available and required sight distances. By using the first-order second moment (FOSM) method, relationships for the mean and standard deviation of the safety margin were developed. The advance first-order second-moment (AFOSM) was also used to find the supplied sight distance corresponding to reliability index. Comparison of two methods was done. Obtained results from the two methods were almost similar to a low coefficient of variation. Different design graphs were developed to calculate the required sight distance at a different coefficient of variation corresponding to the probability of failure and different vehicle design. Sensitivity analysis was performed to obtain the most sensitive variable to the pedestrian crossing sight distance. It was found that vehicle speed is more sensitive to required sight distance and perception-reaction time has least effect on supplied (required) sight distance. Application of these methods is presented with two examples. This probabilistic method is valuable in designing pedestrian crossing sight distance for any preferred reliability level.

Reliability Analysis of Sight Distance for Stopcontrol Intersections on Horizontal Alignments

Intersection sight distance (ISO) for stop-control intersections refers to the provision of adequate sight distance between a minor-road stopped vehicle and a major-road vehicle. The AASHTO policy for ISO for intersections on straight roadways Is based on the extreme values of the component design variables, such as major-road design speed and time gap, and assumes that these variables are deterministic. This research presents a reliability method that considers the moments (mean and variance) of the probability distribution of each random variable instead of the extreme values. This reliability method also accounts for the correlations among the component random variables. A performance function in terms of a safety margin is defined as the difference between the expected available and expected required ISO. Relationships for the mean and standard deviation of the safety margin are developed using First- Order Second-Moment analysis. Design graphs for the obstruction location are established for different radii of horizontal curves, design speed, and probability of failure. The reliability method is very useful as it provides the reliability associated with I8D design values. For evaluation purposes, the method can be used to determine the probability of failure of a particular intersection for an existing obstruction and current traffic conditions. The method can also be used to design the obstruction location for a given probability of failure. It was found that the deterministic method generally provides a higher probability of failure when the obstruction is closer to the minor road.