Advanced Solar Operated Multi Purpose Agricultural Equipment

In today’s aggressive world there may be a need for a quicker rate of production in agriculture. As we recognize Agriculture is the backbone of India. In India nearly all farmers dealing with issues of a exertions shortage. Day with the aid of using day exertions wages is increasing. In India, the Cotton crop is cultivated in a big amount. After yielding of cotton, the principle trouble face with the aid of using the farmers is to reduce the cotton stalk. Nowadays what farmer did is pluck the cotton stalk manually gather at one place, wait until the stalk receives dry, and after that burn that crop. The downside of burning the crop is, the vitamins which can be released after burning are typically washed away. Soil declines in productiveness after burning. Crop residues last withinside the discipline after the harvest are eliminated with the aid of using burning the stubble or leaving the stalks on the sphere surface, to be mixed with soil both without delay or with the aid of using mechanized chopping. So our purpose is to design and fabrication of the sort of system that can reduce and overwhelmed of cotton stalk. After crushing the overwhelmed crop unfold at the farm. So that this overwhelmed crop is dumped into the soil and it used as natural compost. So the productiveness of soil could be increased, .

Numerical method approach for magnetohydrodynamic radiative ferrofluid flows over a solid sphere surface

In this paper, the theoretical study on the laminar boundary-layer flow of ferrofluid with influences of magnetic field and thermal radiation is investigated. The viscosity of ferrofluid flow over a solid sphere surface is examined theoretically for magnetite volume fraction by using boundary-layer equations. The governing equations are derived by applied the non-similarity transformation then solved numerically by utilizing the Keller-box method. It is found that the increments in ferro-particles (Fe3O4) volume fraction declines the fluid velocity but elevates the fluid temperature at a sphere surface. Consequently, the results showed viscosity is enhanced with the increase of the ferroparticles volume fraction and acts as a pivotal role in the distribution of velocity, temperature, reduced skin friction coefficient, and reduced Nusselt number of ferrofluid.

Influence of hollow sphere surface heterogeneity and geometry of N-doped carbon on sensitive monitoring of acetaminophen in human fluids and pharmaceutical products

The building of electrochemical sensors/biosensor electrodes with high signaling transduction, amplification, and facile molecular transport of biomolecules is a great challenge in pharmaceutical formulations and biological applications. Here, we investigate...

The Effect of Thermal Radiation on the Surface Catalytic Chemical Reaction

The effect of thermal radiation on the two - dimensional, steady-state, coupled heat and mass transfer from a fluid flow to a sphere in the presence of an exothermal catalytic chemical reaction on the surface of the sphere is investigated in the present work. The P1 approximation models the radiative transfer. The finite difference method was used to discretize the mathematical model equations. The discrete equations were solved by the defect correction - multigrid method. The influence of thermal radiation on the sphere surface temperature, concentration and reaction rate was analysed. It was found that, for high values of the radiation conduction parameter, thermal radiation has a significant effect on the surface reaction.

Realization of the New Kilogram Using 28Si-Enriched Spheres and Dissemination of Mass Standards at NMIJ

The new definition of the kilogram was implemented on May 20, 2019. The kilogram is presently defined by a fixed value of the Planck constant. On the basis of the new definition, the kilogram will be realized at the National Metrology Institute of Japan by the X-ray crystal density method using 28Si-enriched spheres. For the realization, the volume of 28Si-enriched spheres is measured by optical interferometry. The sphere surface characterization by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and ellipsometry is also performed. The relative standard uncertainty of the realization is estimated to be 2.4 × 10−8. Details of the realization and future dissemination of mass standards in Japan based on the 28Si-enriched spheres are described.

Sorption of trivalent actinides (Cm, Am) and their rare earth analogues (Lu, Y, Eu, Nd, La) onto orthoclase: Batch experiments, Time-Resolved Laser Fluorescence Spectroscopy (TRLFS) and Surface Complexation Modeling (SCM)

<p>Sorption is one of the main processes, which determine the retention of radionuclides (RN) in a repository for nuclear waste. In a multi-barrier system, the host rock poses the ultimate barrier retarding the release of RN into the environment. Feldspars (e.g. orthoclase) are one of the main constituents of crystalline rock (e.g. granite), which is considered one potential host rock type in many countries (e.g. Finland, Sweden, Germany). In this study, the sorption of trivalent actinides (Cm, Am) and their rare earth analogues (Lu, Y, Eu, Nd, La) onto orthoclase (K‑feldspar) is investigated. For reliable predictions concerning the migration of RN, a process understanding on the molecular level of such processes is necessary. To achieve this, batch sorption experiments are combined with TRLFS and SCM.</p><p>Batch experiments were performed covering a broad range of experimental conditions (pH 4-11, oxic and anoxic conditions, [M<sup>3+</sup>] = 10<sup>-6</sup>-10<sup>-4</sup> M, 3-50 gL<sup>-1</sup> orthoclase (grain size: < 21 and 63-200 µm; SSA: 4.2 and 0.2 m<sup>2</sup>g<sup>-1</sup>)). Weak retardation below pH 5, followed by a strong increase between pH 5 and 7 and complete removal from solution at pH ≥ 8 was observed for all investigated metals. Cm- and Eu-TRLFS-measurements suggested the formation of an outer-sphere surface complex at lower (pH<5) and two different inner-sphere surface complexes at higher pH values (pH > 5 and pH > 7.5, respectively). Surface precipitation was observed for higher metal concentrations (10<sup>-4</sup> M). As the investigated metals revealed a similar behavior over a broad range of conditions, a generic approach was used for the SCM to describe the system as a whole. Experimental data of different series with different metals were simultaneously fitted by coupling PHREEQC with UCODE using the same underlying speciation model. Resulting generic stability constants for the involved surface complexes will be presented.</p><p>The identification of comparable processes and their unified description with one suitable model is important to map the complexity of natural systems onto simplified geochemical models. This step is crucial for large-scale reactive transport calculations needed for a reliable safety assessment of potential repository sites, as they require enormous computing efforts.</p>

Comparative study on steady and unsteady heat transfer analysis of a spherical element using air/water mist two-phase flow

In this study, two approaches to investigating the process cooling of a heated sphere were performed using air as well as air/water mist two-phase flow. Steady-state and unsteady heat transfer analysis were compared in the terms of the average surface temperature and heat transfer rate between the sphere surfaces and the cooling fluid. When the Bi<0.1, the temperature variation inside sphere can be neglected and the wildly known lumped capacitance model can be applied to estimate the heat transfer coefficient by measuring the sphere surface temperature. The effect of the different factors such as the inlet Re numbers, surface temperature and water mist rate on heat transfer characteristics are examined. The experimental results showed that the presence of water mist leads to a significant increase in heat transfer rate over the use of air coolant alone. Also, the unsteady thermal behaviors of the water mist impingement on the heated surface and dynamic-state of cooling process changing over the sphere surface were analyzed experimentally based on the unsteady surface temperature measurements. The experimental results of the unsteady heat transfer were compared to the results obtained from steady-state estimation under the corresponding surface temperature of the sphere. Moreover, the new proposed empirical correlation for the Nusselt number based on the present experimental data are given for practical uses. Results reasonably agree well within ?3.8%.