Abstract. River systems that support high biodiversity profiles are conservation
priorities worldwide. Understanding river ecosystem thresholds to low-flow
conditions is important for the conservation of these systems. While
climatic variations are likely to impact the streamflow variability of many
river courses into the future, understanding specific river flow dynamics
with regard to streamflow variability and aquifer baseflow contributions is
central to the implementation of protection strategies. While streamflow is
a measurable quantity, baseflow has to be estimated or calculated through
the incorporation of hydrogeological variables. In this study, the
groundwater components within the J2000 rainfall–runoff model were
distributed to provide daily baseflow and streamflow estimates needed for
reserve determination. The modelling approach was applied to the
RAMSAR-listed Verlorenvlei estuarine lake system on the west coast of South
Africa, which is under threat due to agricultural expansion and climatic
fluctuations. The sub-catchment consists of four main tributaries, Krom
Antonies, Hol, Bergvallei and Kruismans. Of these, Krom Antonies was
initially presumed the largest baseflow contributor, but was shown to have
significant streamflow variability attributed to the highly conductive
nature of the Table Mountain Group sandstones and Quaternary sediments.
Instead, Bergvallei was identified as the major contributor of baseflow. Hol
was the least susceptible to streamflow fluctuations due to the higher
baseflow proportion (56 %) as well as the dominance of less conductive
Malmesbury shales that underlie it. The estimated flow exceedance
probabilities indicated that during the 2008–2017 wet cycle average lake
inflows exceeded the average evaporation demand, although yearly rainfall is
twice as variable in comparison to the first wet cycle between 1987 and 1996.
During the 1997–2007 dry cycle, average lake inflows are exceeded 85 % of
the time by the evaporation demand. The exceedance probabilities estimated
here suggest that inflows from the four main tributaries are not enough to
support Verlorenvlei, with the evaporation demand of the entire lake being
met only 35 % of the time. This highlights the importance of low-occurrence events for filling up Verlorenvlei, allowing for regeneration of
lake-supported ecosystems. As climate change drives increased temperatures
and rainfall variability, the length of dry cycles is likely to increase
into the future and result in the lake drying up more frequently. For this
reason, it is important to ensure that water resources are not over-allocated
during wet cycles, hindering ecosystem regeneration and prolonging the
length of these dry cycle conditions.